Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Rhodophyta
Subphylum Eurhodophytina
Class Florideophyceae
Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
Order Gigartinales
Family Furcellariaceae
Genus Halarachnion

Pictures

click on thumbnail for larger version.

microscope, Ría de Muros, Galicia, Spain, 2006; surface view. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara (barbara@udc.es).

microscope, Ría de Muros, Galicia, Spain, 2006; TS thallus. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara (barbara@udc.es).

microscope, TS thallus with cystocarp, Spain, Galicia, Ría de Arosa, 2007. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara (barbara@udc.es).

microscope, Galicia, Spain, 2007; TS thallus. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara (barbara@udc.es).

microscope, Ría de Vigo, Galicia, Spain; TS thallus. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara (barbara@udc.es).

with Cruoria rosea, microscope, Ría de Vigo, Galicia, Spain. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara (barbara@udc.es).

Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing microscope, Ría de Muros, Galicia, Spain, 2006; surface view

Publication details
Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing 1843: 394

Original publication: Kützing, F.T. (1843). Phycologia generalis oder Anatomie, Physiologie und Systemkunde der Tange... Mit 80 farbig gedruckten Tafeln, gezeichnet und gravirt vom Verfasser. pp. [part 1]: [i]-xxxii, [1]-142, [part 2:] 143-458, 1, err.], pls 1-80. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus.
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Type species
This is the type species (holotype) of the genus Halarachnion.

Status of name
This name is of an entity that is currently accepted taxonomically.

Basionym
Ulva ligulata Woodward

Type information
Type locality: Yarmouth and Cromer, Norfolk, U.K. (Dixon & Irvine 1977: 184). Lectotype: BM-K An undated, unlocalised specimen labelled from Mr Woodward selected as provisional lectotype (Dixon & Irvine 1977: 184).

Origin of species name
Adjective (Latin), ligulate (Stearn 1973).

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Ulva ligulata Woodward 1797
Dictyota ligulata (Woodward) S.F.Gray 1821
Halymenia ligulata (Woodward) C.Agardh 1822

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Halarachnion ligulatum var. dichotomum Harvey
Halarachnion ligulatum var. latifolium Harvey
Halarachnion ligulatum var. ramentaceum Harvey
Halymenia ligulata var. latifolia
Contarinia rosea P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1858
Halarachnion aciculare Kützing 1863
Cruoria rosea (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1867
Halarachnion ligulatum f. aciculare (Kützing) Hauck 1883
Cruoria stilla Kuckuck 1897
Halarachnion ligulatum var. aciculare (Kützing) Van Heurck 1908

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Common names

(as Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing)
English: Sea Spider Weed (Bunker et al. 2010).

Description
Gametophytes thin, filmy to subcartilaginous, deep brownish red, flattened fronds, 500 mm long, simple to much-divided with very narrow segments, arising from a small basal disc. Often marginally and superficially proliferous. Tetrasporophyte as known as the Cruoria rosea-phase and forms thin, rounded crusts on shells, stones and maerl fragments in the subtidal (to 30 m).

Habitat
Gametophytes are annual (most obvious in April-June) and occur on rock, stones, shells, and maerl in spring and early summer , shallow subtidal (0-8 m), widely distributed, frequent. Tetrasporophytes occur all year around.

Key characteristics
The gametophytes are filmy and delicate, and lack veins or frilly margins. Situation (shallow subtidal) and time of year (April-June) are helpful in making an identification.

Similar species
Another annual,Halymenia latifolia Kützing, is more delicate, is generally elongated tongue-like, occurs later in the year (July-November) and is rather rare on western and southern shores.

Distribution by country

Point data for Ireland and Britain

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Detailed distribution with sources
(as Halarachnion ligulatum var. dichotomum Harvey)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Halarachnion ligulatum var. latifolium Harvey)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), Ireland (Newton 1931).

(as Halarachnion ligulatum var. ramentaceum Harvey)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Halymenia ligulata var. latifolia )
Ireland: Donegal (McMillan & Morton 1979).

Europe: Ireland (McMillan & Morton 1979).

(as Halymenia ligulata (Woodward) C.Agardh)
Ireland: Dublin (Sanders 1860).

Europe: Balearic Islands (Rodríguez y Femenías 1889, Mazza 1916), France (Coppejans 1972), Ireland (Sanders 1860).

South America: Brazil (Taylor 1930 ).

(as Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing)
Ireland: Antrim (Morton 1994), Clare (Guiry 1978, Maggs 1983), Cork (Guiry 1978, Cullinane & Whelan 1983), Donegal (Guiry 1978, McMillan & Morton 1979, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1994), Galway (Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Maggs 1983), Kerry (Guiry 1978, Whelan & Cullinane 1985), Mayo (Cotton 1912, Guiry 1978), Waterford (Guiry 1978), Wexford (Norton 1970, Guiry 1978).

Europe: Adriatic (Giaccone 1978), Balearic Islands (, Ribera Siguán 1983, Ribera Siguán & Gómez Garreta 1984), Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Britain (Newton 1931, Dixon & Irvine 1977, Hardy & Guiry 2003), Corsica (Coppejans 1979, Verlaque 1984, Rodríguez Prieto, Boudouresque & Marcot-Coqueugniot 1993), France (Feldmann 1954, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007, Anon. 2012), Greece (Gerloff & Geissler 1974, Athanasiadis 1987), Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000), Ireland (Cotton 1912, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Maggs 1983, Whelan & Cullinane 1985, Morton 1994, Guiry 2012), Italy (Furnari, Cormaci & Serio 1999, Furnari et al. 2003), Norway (Rueness 1997), Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996), Spain (Ballesteros 1981, Ballesteros & Romero 1982, Gallardo et al. 1985, Bárbara & Cremades 1996, Bárbara 2002, Valenzuela Miranda 2002, Gorostiaga et al., 2004, Bárbara et al. 2004, Bárbara et al. 2005, Bárbara et al. 2005, Peña & Bárbara 2006, Pena & Bárbara 2008, Peña & Bárbara 2008, Viviana Peña, Ignacio Bárbara 2010, Peña & Bárbara 2010, Cires Rodriguez & Cuesta Moliner 2010, Bárbara et al. 2012), Sweden (Kylin 1907, Kylin 1944), Turkey (Europe) (Taskin et al. 2008 ).

Atlantic Islands: Canary Islands (Gil-Rodríguez & Afonso-Carrillo 1980, Gil-Rodriguez et al. 1985, Haroun et al. 2002, Gil-Rodríguez et al. 2003, John et al. 2004, Anon 2011), Madeira (Neto, Cravo & Haroun 2001, John et al. 2004).

Africa: Morocco (Dangeard 1949), Tunisia (Meñez & Mathieson 1981, Ben Maiz, Boudouresque & Quahchi 1987).

South-west Asia: Turkey (Asia) (Taskin et al. 2008 ).

(as Cruoria rosea (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan)
Ireland: Clare (Maggs 1983), Galway (Maggs 1983), Mayo (Dixon & Irvine 1977, Guiry 1978).

Europe: Britain (Newton 1931, Dixon & Irvine 1977), France (Feldmann 1954), Ireland (Guiry 1978, Maggs 1983), Spain (Gallardo et al. 1985, Bárbara et al. 2004, Peña & Bárbara 2006, Peña & Bárbara 2008, Viviana Peña, Ignacio Bárbara 2010, Peña & Bárbara 2010).

(as Halarachnion ligulatum f. aciculare (Kützing) Hauck)
Europe: Italy (Giaccone 1969).

(as Cruoria stilla Kuckuck)
Europe: Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000).

(as Halarachnion ligulatum var. aciculare (Kützing) Van Heurck)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

Key references
Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, pls 1-266 (colour photographs). Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Funk, G. (1955). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Meeresalgen von Neapel: Zugleich mikrophotographischer Atlas. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 25(Suppl.): i-x , 1- 178, 36 figs.

Knauss, M.E. & Hommersand, M.H. (1989). Vegetative and reproductive development of Halarachnion ligulatum (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). British Phycological Journal 24: 39-52.

Peña,V. & Bárbara, I. (2010). New records of crustose seaweeds associated with subtidal maërl beds and gravel bottoms in Galicia (NW Spain). Botanica marina 53: 41-62.

Rodríguez-Prieto, C., Ballesteros, E., Boisset, F. & Afonso-Carrillo, J. (2013). Guía de las macroalgas y fanerógamas marinas del Mediterráneo occidental. pp. [1]-656. Barcelona: Ediciones Omega, S.A..

SAG Cultures
SAG Cultures may be viewed at http://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/showstrains.php?genus=Halarachnion&species=ligulatum

SCCAP Cultures
Cultures from the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Copenhagen (SCCAP) and Protozoa may be viewed at http://www.sccap.dk/search/algaebase.asp?Genus=Halarachnion&Species=ligulatum

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences

Created: 30 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 07 May 2013 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 4246 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Boillot, A. (1965). Sur l'alternance de générations héteromorphes d'une Rhodophycée, Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing (Gigartinales, Furcellariacées). Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Séances de lAcadémie des Sciences. Paris. 261: 4191-4193.
Boillot, A. (1972). Le cycle de l'Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing (Rhodophycée, Gigartinale). Soc Bot Fr Memoires : 275-292.
Deslandes, E., Floc'h, J.-Y. & Bodeau-Bellion, C. (1988). Evidence for kappa carrageenan in Halarachnion ligulatum. Phytochemistry 27: 278-279.
Knauss, M.E. & Hommersand, M.H. (1989). Vegetative and reproductive development of Halarachnion ligulatum (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). British Phycological Journal 24: 39-52.

Linking to this page: http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=21

Citing AlgaeBase
Cite this record as:
M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2013. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; searched on 21 May 2013.

Algaebase taxon LSID: urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:77492