Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Chromista
Subkingdom Chromobiota
Infrakingdom Heterokonta
Phylum Heterokontophyta
Class Phaeophyceae
Order Fucales
Family Fucaceae
Genus Ascophyllum

Pictures:

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Claddagh, Co. Galway, Ireland; receptacles. 15 Apr 2009. M.D. Guiry.

Cuan an Beirtrí Bhuí, Conamara, Ireland; zone of yellow plants in the intertidal with other fuciods. 21 Aug 2008. M.D. Guiry.

Cuan an Beirtrí Bhuí, Conamara, Ireland; zone of yellow plants in the intertidal with other fucoids. 21 Aug 2008. M.D. Guiry.

Cuan an Beirtrí Bhuí, Conamara, Ireland; zone of yellow plants in the intertidal. 21 Aug 2008. M.D. Guiry.

Cuan an Beirtrí Bhuí, Conamara, Ireland; zone of yellow plants in the intertidal with other fucoids. 21 Aug 2008. M.D. Guiry.

Céibh an tSrutháin, an Cheathrú Rua, Co. na Gaillimhe; 10.5-mm lens. 28 Jun 2008. M.D. Guiry.

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Publication details
Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 1863: 96

Original publication: Le Jolis, A. (1863). Liste des algues marines de Cherbourg. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 10: 5-168, pls I-IV.
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Original description: Download PDF

Type species
The type species (holotype) of the genus Ascophyllum is Ascophylla laevigatum Stackhouse.

Status of name
This is regarded as a current name.

Basionym
Fucus nodosus Linnaeus

Type information
Type locality: Atlantic Ocean (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996: 895). Type: LINN “Hallands Väderösund” (Athanasiadis 1996: 217).

Origin of species name
Adjective (Latin), knotted, knobbly (Stearn 1973).

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Common names

(as Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis)
English: Knotted Wrack (Dickinson 1963).

(as Ascophyllum mackayi (Turner) Holmes & Batters)
English: Wrack (Madlener 1977).

Description
This is a brown seaweed that is closely related to Fucus. It forms a single bladders centrally in long, flattened strap-like fronds. The fronds hang downwards, draping sheltered intertidal rocks. Many fronds grow from the base and the plant generally regenerates new fronds from the base when one of the larger fronds are damaged. There is evidence that clumps can be over 400 years old and may be even older. Ascophyllum is currently confined to the North Atlantic basin, but plants have been found growing in San Francisco Bay, but the species does not persist there. The plants are used as packing for shellfish from the North Atlantic and when discarded may take hold.

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Fucus nodosus Linnaeus)
Ireland: Antrim (Drummond 1837), Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803, Drummond 1837).

Atlantic Islands: Canary Islands (Price, John & Lawson 1978).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis)
Arctic: Canada (Arctic) (Taylor 1957, Lee 1980).

Ireland: Antrim (Adams 1907, Guiry 1978, Morton 1994), Clare (Guiry 1978, De Valéra & Cooke 1979), Cork (Renouf 1931, Cullinane 1971, Cullinane, McCarthy & Fletcher 1975, Guiry 1978), Derry (Guiry 1978, Morton 1994), Donegal (Guiry 1978, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1974, Guiry 1978, Morton 1994), Dublin (Guiry 1978), Galway (Guiry 1978), Kerry (Guiry 1978), Leitrim (Cullinane 1970, Guiry 1978), Limerick (Cullinane 1969, Guiry 1978), Louth (Synnott 1969, Guiry 1978), Mayo (Cotton 1912, Guiry 1978), Sligo (Cullinane 1970), Waterford (Guiry 1978), Wexford (Cotton 1913, Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970, Guiry 1978), Wicklow (Guiry 1978).

Europe: Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Britain (Newton 1931, Hardy & Guiry 2003, Pavia et al 2003), E. Greenland (Pedersen 1976), Faroes (Irvine 1982, Nielsen & Gunnarsson 2001), France (Feldmann 1954, Connan et al 2006, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007, Loiseaux-de Goër & Noailles 2008), Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000), Iceland (Caram & Jónsson 1972), Ireland (Adams 1907, Cotton 1912, Cotton 1913, Cullinane 1969, Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Morton 1994), Netherlands (Stegenga & Mol 1983, Cho, Lee & Boo 2004), Norway (Rueness 1997), Portugal (De Mesquita Rodrigues 1963, Ardré 1970, Araujo et al. 2009, Araújo, Bárbara & Sousa-Pinto in press), Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996), Spain (Miranda 1931, Anadón 1983, Pérez-Cirera 1989, Granja, Cremades & Barbara 1992, Bárbara & Cremades 1996, Veiga, Cremades & Bárbara 1998, Veiga Villar 1999, Calvo & Bárbara 2002, Valenzuela Miranda 2002, Gorostiaga et al., 2004), Spitsbergen (Vinogradova 1995), Sweden (Kylin 1947, Pavia et al 2003).

Atlantic Islands: Azores (Neto 1994, Tittley & Neto 1994, Tittley, Neto & Parente 2009 ), Bermuda (Taylor 1957), Canary Islands (Price, John & Lawson 1978, John et al. 2004), Madeira (Neto, Cravo & Haroun 2001, John et al. 2004).

North America: California (Miller et al. 2004, Miller et al. 2004), Connecticut (Van Patten 2006), Labrador (Taylor 1957), Maine (Mathieson et al. 2001), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Mathieson & Dawes 2002), New Jersey (Taylor 1957), Newfoundland (Taylor 1957), North Carolina (Schneider & Searles 1991), Nova Scotia (Kim et al 2006, Garbary et al 2006, Longtin et al. 2009), Virginia (Humm 1979).

South America: Brazil (Taylor 1930, Taylor 1960).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum f. scorpioides Hauck)
Europe: Sweden (Kylin 1947).

North America: Maine (Taylor 1957, Mathieson et al. 2001), Maritime Provinces (Taylor 1957), Massachusetts (Taylor 1957), New Hampshire (Taylor 1957, Mathieson & Hehre 1986), New Jersey (Taylor 1957), Virginia (Taylor 1957).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum var. scorpioides (Hauck) Reinke)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), Ireland (Newton 1931).

(as Ascophyllum mackayi (Turner) Holmes & Batters)
Ireland: Galway (Batters 1892).

Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

North America: Connecticut (Taylor 1957), Massachusetts (Taylor 1957).

(as Ascophyllum mackayi f. robertsonii Batters)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum var. minor Batters)
Ireland: Antrim (Morton 1994).

Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), Ireland (Morton 1994).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum var. siliquatum (Turner) Batters)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum var. mackayi (Turner) Cotton)
Ireland: Galway (Cotton 1912).

Europe: Ireland (Cotton 1912).

(as Ascophyllum nodosum var. lusitanicum Lami)
Europe: Portugal (De Mesquita Rodrigues 1963).

Key references
Baardseth, E. (1970). Synopsis of biological data on knobbed wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 38(Rev. 1): various.

Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, 266 pls. Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Cho, G.Y, Rousseau, F., Reviers, B. de & Boo, S.M. (2006). Phylogenetic relationships within the Fucales (Phaeophyceae) assessed by the photosystem I coding psaA sequences. Phycologia 45: 512-519.

Loiseaux-de Goër, S. & Noailles, M.-C. (2008). Algues de Roscoff. pp. [1]-215, col. figs. Roscoff: Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff.

McHugh, D.J. (2003). A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 441: x + 105, 64 figs.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 34 samples identified as Ascophyllum nodosum.

Created: 30 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 31 December 2009 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 33651 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Aberg, P. (1990). Measuring size and choosing category size for a transition matrix study of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. MAR ECOL-PR 63(2-3): 281-287.
Abetz, P. & Young, C.L. (1983). The effect of seaweed sprays derived from Ascophyllum nodosum on lettuce and cauliflower crops. Botanica Marina 26: 487-492.
Almeida, G., Almeida, M., Humanes, M., Lino, A.R., Melo, R., Moura, I., Armando Silva, J. & Fraústo da Silva, J.J.R. (1993). Haloperoxidases from the algae Ascophyllum nodosum. In: Latin-American Inorganic Chemistry Meeting. ( Eds), pp. 156.
Ang, P. O., Sharp, G. J. & Semple, R. E. (1993). Changes in the population structure of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis due to mechanical harvesting. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 321-326.
Ang, P. O., Sharp, G. J. & Semple, R. E. (1996). Comparison of the structure of populations of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyta) at sites with different harvesting histories. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 15: 179-184.
Baardseth, E. (1949). Regrowth of Ascophyllum nodosum after harvesting. . Dublin: Institute for Industrial Research and Standards..
Baardseth, E. (1955). Regrowth of Ascophyllum nodosum after harvesting. pp. iv + 67. Dublin: Institute for Industrial Research and Standards.
Baardseth, E. (1970). Synopsis of biological data on knobbed wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 38(Rev. 1): various.
Bacon, L.C. & Vadas, R.L. (1991). A model for gamete release in Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 27: 166-173.
Barry, C. & Flood, D. T. (1958). The seasonal variation in the alginic acid content of Ascophyllum nodosum growing in Dublin Bay. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 3: 71-72.
Blunden, G. & Jones, R.T. (1972). Toxic effects of Ascophyllum nodosum as a rabbit food additive. Proc Mar Tech Soc Food - Drugs from the Sea : 267-273.
Brackenbury, A.M., Kang, E.J. & Garbary, D.J. (2006). Air pressure regulation in air bladers of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Algae 21: 245-251.
Cassan, L., Jeannin, I., Lamaze, T. & Morot-Gaudry, J.-F. (1992). the effect of the Ascophyllum nodosum extract Goëmar GA14 on the growth of spinach. Botanica Marina 35: 437-439, 2 tables.
Chock, J.S. & Mathieson, A.C. (1976). Ecological studies of the salt marsh ecad scorpioides (Hornemann) Hauck of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 23: 171-190.
Chock, J.S. & Mathieson, A.C. (1978). Physiological ecology of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis and its detached ecad scorpioides (Hornemann) Hauck (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina 22: 21-26.
Chopin, T., Marquis, P.A. & Belyea, E.P. (1996). Seasonal dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen contents in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (L) Le Jolis, and its associated species Polysiphonia lanosa (L.) Tandy and Pilayella littoralis (L.) Kjellman, from the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Botanica Marina 39: 543-552.
Cousens, R. (1981). Variation in annual production by Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis with degree of exposure to wave action. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 253-258.
Cousens, R. (1982). Popular misconceptions about Ascophyllum nodosum and their effect on the interpretation of its population dynamics from existing data. British Phycological Journal 17: 231.
Cousens, R. (1982). The effect of exposure to wave action on the morphology and pigmentation of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis in south-eastern Canada. Botanica Marina 25: 191-195.
Cousens, R. (1984). Estimation of annual production by the intertidal brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Botanica Marina 27: 217-227.
Cousens, R. (1985). Frond size distributions and the effects of the algal canopy on the behaviour of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 92: 231-249.
Damant, G.C.C. (1936). Storage of oxygen in the bladders of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and their adaptation to hydrostatic pressure.. : 198-209.
Davison, I.R. (1987). Partial purification and preliminary characterization of pyruvate kinase from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. British Phycological Journal 22: 401-409.
Deckert, R.J. & Garbary D.J. (2005). Ascophyllum and its symbionts. VI. Microscopic characterization of the Ascopyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae), Mycophycias ascophylli (Ascomycetes) symbiotum. Algae 20: 225-232.
Deckert, R.J. & Garbary, D.J. (2005). Ascophyllum and its symbionts. VIII. Interactions among Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae), Mycophycias ascophylli (Ascopmycetes) and Elachista fucicola (Phaeophyceae). Algae 20: 363-368.
Eckersley, L.K. & Garbary, D.J. (2007). Developmental and environmental sources of variation on annual growth increments of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Algae 22: 107-116.
Filion-Myklebust, C. & Norton, T.A. (1981). An anti-fouling mechanism in Ascophyllum nodosum. British Phycological Journal 16: 135.
Filion-Myklebust, C. & Norton, T.A. (1981). Epidermis shedding in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis, and its ecological significance. Marine Biology Letters 2: 45-51.
Fries, L. (1988). Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta) in axenic culture and its response to the endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella ascophylli and epiphytic bacteria. Journal of Phycology 24: 333-337.
Fries, L. (1991). Formation of filaments and single cells by the activity of the meristoderm of axenic Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Phaeophyta) (Research Note). Phycologia 30: 310-313.
Fries, L. (1991). Formation of filaments and single cells by the activity of the meristoderm of axenic Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Phaeophyta). Phycologia 30: 310-313.
Fries, L. (1993). Vitamin B₁₂ heterotrophy in Fucus spiralis and Ascophyllum nodosum (fucales, Phaeophyta) in axenic cultures. Botanica Marina 36: 5-7, 2 tables.
Fries, N. (1979). Physiological characteristics of Mycosphaerella ascophylli, a fungal endophyte of the marine brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Physiol. Plant. 45: 117-121.
Garbary, D.J. & London, J.F. (1995). The Ascophyllum/Polysiphonia/Mycosphaerella symbiosis. V. Fungal infection protect A. nodosum from desiccation. Botanica Marina 38: 529-533.
Garbary, D.J., Deckert, R.J. & Hubbard, C.B. (2005). Ascophyllum and its symbionts. VII. Three-way interactions among Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae), Mycophycias ascophylli (Ascopmycetes) and Vertebrata lanosa (Rhodophyta). Algae 20: 353-361.
Gibb, D.C. (1957). The free living forms of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.. Journal of Ecology 45: 49-83.
Gordon, S.M. & Simpson, B.L. (1987). The use of composted Ascophyllum nodosum in land reclamation and soil stabilization. British Phycological Journal 22: 304-305.
Guillaumont, B., Callens, L. & Dion, P. (1993). Spatial distribution and quantification of Fucus species and Ascophyllum nodosum beds in intertidal zones using spot imagery. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 297.
Hankins, S. D. & Hockey, H. P. (1990). The effect of a liquid seaweed extract from Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyta) on the two-spotted red spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 13: 555-559.
Harlin, M. M. & Craigie, J. S. (1981). The export of organic carbon from Ascophyllum nodosum as it relates to epiphytic Polsiphonia lanosa. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 8: 193.
Harlin, M.M. & Craigie, J.S. (1975). The distribution of photosynthate in Ascophyllum nodosum as it relates to epiphytic Polysiphonia lanosa. Journal of Phycology 11: 109-113.
Hession, C.C., Guiry, M.D., McGarvey, S. & Joyce, D. (1998). Mapping and assessment of the seaweed resources (Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria spp.) off the west coast of Ireland. Marine Resources Series 5: 1-74, 32 figs, 13 tables.
Jensen, A. (1964). Ascorbic acid in Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 4: 319-325.
Jensen, A. (1969). Seasonal variations in the content of individual tocopherols in Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata and Fucus serratus (Phaeophyceae). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 493-500.
John, D.M. (1974). New records of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. from the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Phycology 10: 243-244.
Johnson, S.C. & Scheibling, R.E. (1987). Reproductive patterns of harpacticoid copepods on intertidal macroalgae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) in Nova Scotia, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 65: 129-141.
Johnson, S.C. & Scheibling, R.E. (1987). Structure and dynamics of epifaunal assemblages on intertidal macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in Nova Scotia, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series 37: 209-227.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1983). The diurnal variation in the titratable acidity of Ascophyllum nodosum. British Phycological Journal 18: 205.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1986). Dark carbon fixation studies on the intertidal macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 22: 78-83.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1986). The analysis of photosynthesis in air and water of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.. Oecologia 69: 288-295.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1987). The C4-like characteristics of the intertidal macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Phycologia 26: 159-166.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1989). Extraction, partial purification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 25: 568-576, 7 figs, 2 tables.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1989). Seasonal dark fixation studies of Ascophyllum nodosum. British Phycological Journal 24: 307.
Johnston, A.M. & Raven, J.A. (1990). The assimilation of inorganic carbon by Ascophyllum nodosum: is a biophysical concentrating mechanism involved?. British Phycological Journal 25: 91.
Jones, R. T. & Blunden, G. (1981). Effects of dietary Ascophyllum nodosum on blood parameters of rabbits, rats and pigs. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 8: 718-723.
Josselyn, M.N. & Mathieson, A.C. (1978). Contribution of receptacles from the fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum to the detrital pool of a North temperate estuary. Estuaries 1(4): 258-261.
Kelly, L., Collier, L., Costello, M.J., Diver, M., McGarvey, S., Kraan, S., Morriseym, J. & Guiry, M.D. (2001). Impact assessment of hand and mechanical harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum on regeneration and biodiversity. Marine Resource Series 19: [i]-vi, 1-51.
Kerby, N.W. & Evans, L.V. (1983). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 19: 1-3.
Kerby, N.W. & Evans, L.V. (1983). Properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 19: 421-424, 6 figs.
Keser, M. & Larson, B.R. (1984). Colonization and growth of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta) in Maine. Journal of Phycology 20: 83-87.
Keser, M., Vadas, R.L. & Larson, B.R. (1981). Regrowth of Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus under various harvesting regimes in Maine, U. S. A.. Botanica Marina 24: 29-38, 2 figs, 6 tables.
Kim, C. S. (1972). The effects of dietary Sargassum natans and Ascophyllum nodosum on Salmonella gallinarum infection in chicks. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 7: 573-574.
Kim, K.Y., Jeong, H.J., Main, H.P. & Garbary, D.J. (2006). Fluorescence and photosynthetic competency in single eggs and embryos of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 45: 331-336.
Kim, K.Y., O'Leary, S.J. & Garbary, D.J. (1997). Artificial hybridization between Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae) from Nova Sotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 1133-1136.
Kingman, A.R. & Moore, J. (1982). Isolation, purification, and quantitation of several growth-regulating substances in Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina 25: 149-153.
Kohlmeyer, J. & Kohlmeyer, E. (1972). Is Ascophyllum nodosum lichenized?. Botanica Marina 15: 109-112.
Kraberg, A.C. & Norton, T.A. (2007). Effect of epiphytism on reproductive and vegetative lateral formation in the brown, intertidal seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Phycological Research 55(1): 17-24.
Larsen, B. & Haug, A. (1958). The influence of habitat on the chemical composition of Ascophyllum nodosum. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 3: 73.
Larsen, B. & Haug, A. (1964). Polysaccharides occuring in the sodium carbonate extract of Ascophyllum nodosum. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 4: 338-343.
Larsen, B. & Haug, A. (1969). Fucose-containing Polysaccharides in Ascophyllum nodosum. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 521-528.
Lining, T. & Garbary, D.J. (1992). The Ascophyllum / Polysiphonia / Mycosphaerella symbiosis. III. Experimental studies on the interactions between P. lanosa and A. nodosum. Botanica Marina 35: 341-349, 17 figs, 3 tables.
Lobban, C.S. & Baxter, D.M. (1983). Distribution of the red algal epiphyte Polysiphonia lanosa on its brown algal host Ascophyllum nodosum in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Botanica Marina 26: 533-538.
Longtin, C.M. & Scrosati, R.A. (2009). Role of surface wounds and brown algal epiphytes in the colonization of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) fronds by Veretebrata lanosa (Rhodophyta)(Note). Journal of Phycology 45(3): 535-539, 1 fig.
MacDonald, M.A., Fensom, D.S. & Taylor, A.R.A. (1974). Electrical impedance in Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in relation to cooling, freezing, and desiccation. Journal of Phycology 10: 462-469.
MacFarlane, C. (1932). Observations on the annual growth of Ascophyllum nodosum. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science : 27-33.
Mathieson, A.C., Penniman, C.A., Busse, P.K. & Tveter-Gallagher, E. (1982). Effects of ice on Ascophyllum nodosum within the Great Bay estuary system of New Hampshire-Maine. Journal of Phycology 18: 331-336.
Miller, A.W., Chang, A.L., Consentino-Manning, N. & Ruiz, G.M. (2004). A new record and eradication of the Northern Atlantic alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) from San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Journal of Phycology 40: 1028-1031.
Miller, S.L. & Vadas, R.L. (1984). The population biology of Ascophyllum nodosum: biological and physical factors affecting survivorship of germlings. British Phycological Journal 19: 198.
Moen, E., Larsen, B., Østgaard, K. & Jensen, A. (1999). Alginate stability during high salt preservation of Ascophyllum nodosum. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 16: 535-539.
Molloy, F. J. & Hills, J. M. (1996). Long-term changes in heavy metal loadings of Ascophyllum nodosum from the Firth of Clyde, UK. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 15: 305-310.
Morrison, L., Baumann, H.A. & Stengel, D.B. (2008). An assessment of metal contamination along the Irish coast using the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Environmental Pollution 152: 293-303.
Moss, B. (1970). Meristems and growth control in Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.. New Phytologist 69: 253-260.
Moss, B. (1971). Meristems and morphogenesis in Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii (Cotton). British Phycological Journal 6: 187-193.
Moss, B. (1975). Attachment of zygotes and germlings of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le. Jol. (Phaeophyceae, Fucales). Phycologia 14: 75-80.
Munda, I. (1964). The quantity and chemical composition of Ascophyllum nodosum. Botanica Marina : .
Munda, I. (1964). Water and electrolyte exchange in the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol., Fucus ceranoides L.. Botanica Marina 6: 158-188.
Myklestad, S. & Haug, A. (1966). Studies on the solubility of Alginic acid from Ascophyllum nodosum at low pH. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 5: 297-303.
Myklestad, S. & Melsom, S. (1979). Heavy metal exchange by Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) plants in situ. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 9: 143-151.
Müller, D.G., Gassmann, G., Marner, F.-J., Boland, W. & Jaenicke, L. (1982). The sperm attractant of the marine brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). Science 218: 1119-1120.
Niell, F.X. & Soneira, A. (1976). On the biology of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) in Galicia. Standing crop in the Vigo Bay. Inv Pesq 40: 105-110.
Parys, S., Kehraus, S., Pete, R., Küpper, F.C., Glombitza, K.-W. & König, G.M. (2009). Seasonal variation of polyphenolics in Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). European Journal of Phycology 44(3): 331-338.
Patier, P, Yvin, J., Kloareg, B., Lienart, Y. & Rochas, C. (1993). Seaweed liquid fertilizer from Ascophyllum nodosum contains elicitors of plant D-glycanases. J. Appl. Phycol. 5: 343-349.
Pavia, H. & Åberg, P. (1996). Spatial variation in polyphenolic content of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 15: 199-203.
Pavia, H., Toth, G.B., Lindgren, A. & Aberg, P. (2003). Intraspecific variation in the phlorotannin content of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Phycologia 42: 378-383.
Pearson, G.A. & Evans, L.V. (1990). Settlement and survival of Polysiphonia lanosa (Ceramiales) spores on Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus (Fucales).. Journal of Phycology 26: 597-603.
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