Monostroma Thuret, 1854: 29
Lectotype species: Monostroma bullosum (Roth) Thuret
Original publication:Thuret, G. (1854). Note sur la synonymie des Ulva lactuca et latissima, L., suivie de quelques remarques sur la tribu des Ulvacées. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 2: 17-32.
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Type designated inPfeiffer, L. (1874). Nomenclator botanicus. Nominum ad finem anni 1858 publici juris factorum, classes, ordines, tribus, familias, divisiones, genera, subgenera vel sectiones designantium enumeratio alphabetica. Adjectis auctoribus, temporibus, locis systematicis apud varios, notis literariis atque etymologicis et synonymis. Vol. 2 pp. [1]-760. Cassellis [Cassel]: Sumptibus Theodori Fischeri [Theodor Fischer].
Taxonomic status: currently recognized as a distinct genus.
Description: Thalli forming leafy monostromatic blades 2-30 cm (or more) in length. Typical blade ontogeny involves spore germination to prode a filamentous prostrate cushion which upheaves to form a saccate stage which then opens to produce a blade. Cells in uper portion usually isodiametric, becoming more elongate toward base and with long rhizoidal projections in holdfast region. Cells uninucleate with parietal chloroplasts and one to several pyrenoids traversed by thylakoid membranes. Life history heteromorphic with haploid gametophytic blades and a diploid sporophytic codiolum phase. Blades produce gametangia in differentiated vegetative cells. Sexual reproduction isogamous or anisogamous with separate 'male' and 'female' thalli. Male gametes smaller in at least one species with differences in pigmentation, eyespot location. Gametes biflagellate with distinct eyespot and positively phototactic until syngamy; zygote negatively phototactic. Asexual reproduction by quadriflagellate zoospores produced on prostrate system or erect blades. One species is exclusively asexual and recycles blades by biflagellate zoospores. Chromosome numbers of n=6 and n=8. Ultrastructure of flagellar apparatus of zoospores and gametes in two species similar and typical of Ulotrichales.
Comments: Monostroma cosmopolitan in marine to brackish habitats growing on rocks or as epiphytes; at least one species, e.g. M. bullosum in freshwater. M. grevillei best known species. Codiolum phases free-living or endozoic in shells. One species, M. latissimum is cultivated in Japan with an annual harvest of 1400 tons (dry weight). It is used in the preparation of a seasoning 'nori tsukudani' or in soup.
Culture methods for life history manipulation and seeding of nets nets well developed. Techniques for production and culture of protoplasts developed for M. angicava. Since the late 1960s Monostroma has been dismembered by various taxonomists. In this treatment all of these segrates (i.e. Gayralia, Kornmannia, Monostroma, Protomonostroma, Ulvaria) are accepted based on developmental, life history and ultrastructural evidence. Some species currently ascribed to Monostroma may be transferred to other genera as further studies are carried out. Monostroma one of two genera (second is Gomontia) in Monostromataceae.
NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
Numbers of names and species: There are 65 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 27 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically.
Names: ('C' indicates a name that is currently accepted taxonomically; 'S' a homotypic or heterotypic synonym; 'U' indicates a name of uncertain taxonomic status, but which has been subjected to some verification nomenclaturally; 'P' indicates a preliminary AlgaeBase entry that has not been subjected to any kind of verification. For more information on a species click on it to activate a link to the Species database):
Monostroma alittoralis T.Tanaka & K.Nozawa C
Monostroma angicava Kjellman C
Monostroma antarcticum V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma applanatum Gain S
Monostroma arcticum Wittrock S
Monostroma areolatum Setchell & N.L.Gardner S
Monostroma balticum (Areschoug) Wittrock C
Monostroma blyttii (Areschoug) Wittrock S
Monostroma bullosum (Roth) Thuret C - type
Monostroma crassidermum Tokida C
Monostroma crassissimum Iwamoto C
Monostroma crassiusculum Kjellman C
Monostroma crepidinium var. pseudocrepidinium V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma crepidinium Farlow S
Monostroma dactyliferum W.R.Taylor C
Monostroma ecuadoreanum W.R.Taylor C
Monostroma endiviifolium A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp S
Monostroma expansa G.S.West C
Monostroma fractum C.-C.Jao C
Monostroma fuscum var. blyttii (Areschoug) Batters S
Monostroma fuscum Wittrock S
Monostroma fuscum f. splendens (Ruprecht) Collins S
Monostroma fuscum var. splendens (Ruprecht) Rosenvinge S
Monostroma fuscum f. blyttii (Areschoug) Collins S
Monostroma grevillei var. arcticum (Wittrock) Rosenvinge C
Monostroma grevillei (Thuret) Wittrock C
Monostroma grevillei var. cornucopiae Carmichael ex Batters C
Monostroma grevillei var. lubricum (Kjellman) Collins C
Monostroma grevillei var. lactuca (J.Agardh) Hauck C
Monostroma grevillei var. vahlii Rosenvinge C
Monostroma groenlandicum J.Agardh S
Monostroma hariotii Gain C
Monostroma helgolandicum Schmidt S
Monostroma laceratum Thuret S
Monostroma lactuca J.Agardh C
Monostroma latissimum Wittrock C
Monostroma leptodermum Kjellman S
Monostroma lindaueri V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma lubricum Kjellman C
Monostroma membranaceum West & G.S.West C
Monostroma moorei V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma mundum Kjellman C
Monostroma nitidum var. novae-zelandiae V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma nitidum Wittrock C
Monostroma obscurum (Kützing) J.Agardh S
Monostroma orbiculatum Thuret S
Monostroma oxycoccum var. quaternarium (Kützing) G.Hamel S
Monostroma oxycoccum Thuret S
Monostroma oxyspermum (Kützing) Doty S
Monostroma oxyspermum f. wittrockii (Bornet) Feldmann & Hamel S
Monostroma oxyspermum f. orbiculatum (Thuret) S
Monostroma oxyspermum var. laceratum (Thuret) Hamel C
Monostroma pacificum V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma parvulum P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan C
Monostroma parvum V.J.Chapman C
Monostroma pulchrum Farlow S
Monostroma quaternarium (Kützing) Desmazières C
Monostroma saccodeum Kjellman C
Monostroma sandei Weber-van Bosse C
Monostroma splendens (Ruprecht) Wittrock S
Monostroma tubiforme Iwamoto S
Monostroma tubulosa L.Luan & R.Ding C
Monostroma undulatum Wittrock S
Monostroma wittrockii Bornet S
Monostroma zostericola Tilden S
References
Cambra Sánchez, J., Álvarez Cobelas, M. & Aboal Sanjurjo, M. (1998). Lista florística y bibliográfica de los clorófitos (Chlorophyta) de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares e Islas Canarias. pp. 1-614. Burgos: Asociación Española de Limnología.
Brodie, J., Maggs, C.A. & John, D.M. (2007). Green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. pp. [i-v], vi-xii, 1-242, 101 figs. London: British Phycological Society.
Contributors
Some of the descriptions included in AlgaeBase were originally from the unpublished Encyclopedia of Algal Genera,
organised in the 1990s by Dr Bruce Parker on behalf of the Phycological Society of America (PSA)
and intended to be published in CD format.
These AlgaeBase descriptions are now being continually updated, and each current contributor is identified above.
The PSA and AlgaeBase warmly acknowledge the generosity of all past and present contributors and particularly the work of Dr Parker.
Descriptions of chrysophyte genera were subsequently published in J. Kristiansen & H.R. Preisig (eds.). 2001. Encyclopedia of Chrysophyte Genera. Bibliotheca Phycologica 110: 1-260.
Linking to this page: http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=33442
Citing AlgaeBase
Cite this record as:
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2013. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; searched on 25 May 2013.
Algaebase taxon LSID: urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:8230
