Porphyra C.Agardh, 1824: xxxii, 190
Holotype species: Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C.Agardh
Original publication:Agardh, C.A. (1824). Systema Algarum. pp. [i]-xxxvii, [1]-312. Lundae [Lund]: Literis Berlingianis [Berling].
Download PDF
Type designated inSilva, P.C. (1952). A review of nomenclatural conservation in the algae from the point of view of the type method. University of California Publications in Botany 25: 241-323.
Taxonomic status: currently recognized as a distinct genus.
Description: Thallus a foliose blade, one or two cells in thickness and ranging in size from a few mm to over 3 m in length. Blades arise singly from a small discoid holdfast. Stipe absent or minute. Basal cells have rhizoids. Blades ranging in morphology from orbicular to linear, with margins smooth, dentate, or ruffled depending on the species. One or two stellate chloroplasts with large central pyrenoid per cell. Contains R-Type II phycoerythrin. Pit plugs absent in the foliose phase. In early stages of development growth is apical followed by a shift to diffuse growth. The microscopic, filamentous conchocelis phase consists of short, uniseriate, branched filaments that penetrate calcareous substrata such as oyster shell and barnacles. Cells of the conchocelis have parietal, band-shaped chloroplasts. Pit plugs present. The foliose phase of many, but not all species may reproduce asexually by archeospores, agamospores, or neutral spores. Archeosporangia are formed when the entire contents of a vegetative cell differentiate and are released as a single, wall-less archeospore that undergoes bipolar germination to give rise to a new blade. This type of archeospore production is typical of young stages of many foliose thalli. In a few species even larger thalli produce abundant, marginal archeosporangia. In a few species, vegetative cells form neutral sporangia that undergo repeated periclinal and anticlinal division to form "packets" of neutral spores. These neutral spores are released by wall gelatinization and undergo bipolar germination to form new blades. Agamosporangia form in the same way as neutral sporangia and the agamospores are also asexual, however, they undergo unipolar germination to form haploid conchocelis. Such agamospore production is often, but not always, a facultative, asexual derivative of an otherwise sexual life history. Sexual reproduction is present in many, but not all species. The foliose phase is either a monoecious, dioecious, or androdioecious gametophyte. Spermatangia formed when vegetative cells undergo a series of anticlinal and periclinal divisions to form packets of spermatia. Spermatia are white to yellowish in appearance due to disintegration of the chloroplast during spermatogenesis. Mature spermatia contain a highly condensed nucleus and numerous fibrillar vesicles containing mucopolysaccharides. The carpogonium can be a morphologically undifferentiated cell or a cell that has uni or bipolar trichogynes. Following fertilization the carpogonium becomes the zygotosporangium and undergoes a series of periclinal and anticlinal divisions to form "packets" of diploid zygotospores that are released by dissolution of the surrounding cell wall. Zygotospores germinate into a microscopic, filamentous conchocelis phase. Under certain temperature and daylength regimes the conchocelis phase forms thick, conchosporangial branches that release conchosporangia. Site of meiosis would appear to be variable depending on strain differences or environmental factors. In some species meiosis has been reported to occur in the conchosporangium at the time of conchospore formation. Somatic meiosis has also been documented, occuring in the released conchospore. The haploid nuclei produced are not incorporated into four spores and dispersed, therefore the foliose thallus, resulting from conchospore germination, is a genetic chimera.
Comments: The biology of this genus has been extensively investigated because of its economic value to the mariculture industry in the production of Nori. Foliose thalli epiphytic or saxicolous, growing from the high intertidal zone to the shallow subtidal. Foliose thalli are short-lived annuals, some being summer species and some winter species. In contrast, the conchocelis phase is probably perennial. Cosmopolitan, widely distributed in temperate waters, polar and tropical seas. Center of diversity in the North Pacific. A recent molecular study of relationships within the genus has cautioned that it may contain a polyphyletic assemblage of taxa that have all converged on a simple blade morphology. The presumed antiquity of Porphyra is further confirmed by a recent molecular study that found it to have the most primitive plastid genome known.
Common names
(as Porphyra)
English: Sloke (Rhoads & Zunic 1978).
Maaori: Karengo (Rhoads & Zunic 1978), Karegna (McConnaughey 1985).
NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
Numbers of names and species: There are 268 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 60 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically.
Names: ('C' indicates a name that is currently accepted taxonomically; 'S' a homotypic or heterotypic synonym; 'U' indicates a name of uncertain taxonomic status, but which has been subjected to some verification nomenclaturally; 'P' indicates a preliminary AlgaeBase entry that has not been subjected to any kind of verification. For more information on a species click on it to activate a link to the Species database):
Porphyra abbottiae V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra abbottiae f. fasciaria Perestenko C
Porphyra abyssicola Kjellman S
Porphyra acanthophora E.C.Oliveira & Coll S
Porphyra acanthophora var. brasiliensis E.C.Oliveira & Coll C
Porphyra adamsiae W.A.Nelson S
Porphyra aeodis N.J.Griffin, Bolton & Anderson S
Porphyra aestivalis S.C.Lindstrom & S.Fredericq S
Porphyra akasakae A.Miura C
Porphyra amethystea Kützing S
Porphyra amplissima f. elliptica Nagai C
Porphyra amplissima f. lanceolata Nagai C
Porphyra amplissima f. crassa S.Kawabata C
Porphyra amplissima (Kjellman) Setchell & Hus S
Porphyra angusta f. sanrikuensis M.Kurogi S
Porphyra angusta Okamura & Ueda C
Porphyra angustinae Kützing S
Porphyra areolata Kjellman S
Porphyra argentinensis M.L.Piriz C
Porphyra atropurpurea (Olivi) De Toni C
Porphyra atropurpurea f. undulata Schiffner C
Porphyra augustinae Kützing C
Porphyra autumnalis Zanardini C
Porphyra bangiaeformis Kützing C
Porphyra birdiae Neefus & Mathieson S
Porphyra boryana Montagne S
Porphyra brumalis subsp. oligospora L.P.Perestenko C
Porphyra brumalis T.F.Mumford S
Porphyra bulbopes (Yendo) Ueda C
Porphyra cameronii W.A.Nelson S
Porphyra capensis Kützing C
Porphyra carnea Grunow C
Porphyra carolinensis Coll & J.Cox S
Porphyra ceramicola var. vertebrata P.Crouan & H.Crouan C
Porphyra ceramicola (Lyngbye) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan P
Porphyra ceylanica J.Agardh C
Porphyra chauhanii C.Anil Kumar & M.V.N.Panikkar C
Porphyra ciliaris (Carmichael) P.Crouan & H.Crouan S
Porphyra cinnamomea W.A.Nelson S
Porphyra coccinea J.Agardh P
Porphyra coccinea J.Agardh ex Areschoug S
Porphyra coleana W.A.Nelson S
Porphyra columbina var. laingii Levring C
Porphyra columbina f. kunthiana (Kützing) G.Hamel C
Porphyra columbina f. decipiens G.Hamel C
Porphyra columbina Montagne S
Porphyra conwayae (S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom & S.Fredericq S
Porphyra corallicola H.Kucera & G.W. Saunders C
Porphyra cordata Meneghini C
Porphyra cordata var. orbicularis Grunow C
Porphyra coriacea Zanardini S
Porphyra crassa Ueda S
Porphyra crispata Kjellman S
Porphyra cucullata De Notaris C
Porphyra cuneiformis (Setchell & Hus) V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra delicatula Welwitsch C
Porphyra dentata Kjellman S
Porphyra denticulata Levring S
Porphyra dentimarginata Chu Chia-yen & Wang Su-chuan C
Porphyra dioica J.Brodie & L.M.Irvine C
Porphyra drachii Feldmann C
Porphyra drewiae M.K.Elias C
Porphyra drewiana Coll & E.C.Oliveira S
Porphyra elegans (Chauvin) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan S
Porphyra elongata Kylin S
Porphyra elongata (Areschoug) Kylin S
Porphyra endiviifolia (A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp) Y.M.Chamberlain S
Porphyra fallax subsp. conwayae S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole S
Porphyra fallax S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole S
Porphyra fucicola V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan S
Porphyra gardneri (G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) M.W.Hawkes S
Porphyra grateloupicola P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan C
Porphyra grayana Reinsch C
Porphyra guangdongensis C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang C
Porphyra haitanensis T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng S
Porphyra helenae A.D.Zinova S
Porphyra hiberna S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole S
Porphyra hiemalis Kylin S
Porphyra hollenbergii E.Y.Dawson S
Porphyra hospitans Zanardini C
Porphyra inaequicrassa L.P.Perestenko C
Porphyra indica V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami C
Porphyra insolita P.Kornmann & P.-H.Sahling S
Porphyra ionae R.W.Ricker C
Porphyra irregularis E.Fukuhara C
Porphyra ishigecola A.Miura S
Porphyra kanakaensis T.F.Mumford S
Porphyra kanyakumariensis V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami C
Porphyra kaspar W.A.Nelson & N.M.Adams S
Porphyra katadae var. hemiphylla C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang C
Porphyra katadae A.Miura S
Porphyra kinositae (Y.Yamada & T.Tanaka) E.Fukuhara S
Porphyra koreana M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee S
Porphyra kuniedae M.Kurogi S
Porphyra kunthiana Kützing S
Porphyra kurogii S.C.Lindstrom S
Porphyra lacerata A.Miura S
Porphyra laciniata var. elongata Areschoug S
Porphyra laciniata var. capensis (Kützing) Grunow S
Porphyra laciniata var. novae -zelandiae Laing P
Porphyra laciniata var. novae-zelandiae Laing C
Porphyra laciniata C.Agardh C
Porphyra laciniata var. umbilicata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh P
Porphyra laciniata f. linearis (Greville) Kleen S
Porphyra laciniata var. livida (De Notaris) Grunow C
Porphyra laciniata f. umbilicalis (Kützing) Kleen P
Porphyra laciniata var. umbilicalis C.Agardh C
Porphyra laciniata f. vulgaris (Ruprecht) Le Jolis P
Porphyra laciniata f. epiphytica Collins C
Porphyra lanceolata (Setchell & Hus) G.M.Smith S
Porphyra ledermannii Pilger C
Porphyra lejolisii (De Notaris) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan S
Porphyra leucosticta f. atlantica Hamel C
Porphyra leucosticta f. minor (Zanardini) De Toni & Levi P
Porphyra leucosticta f. suborbiculata (Kjellman) Yendo S
Porphyra leucosticta f. elongata (Kylin) Yendo P
Porphyra leucosticta f. mediterranea Hamel C
Porphyra leucosticta f. coriacea (Zanardini) De Toni & Levi P
Porphyra leucosticta Thuret S
Porphyra lilliputiana W.A.Nelson, G.A.Knight & M.W.Hawkes S
Porphyra linearis Greville C
Porphyra livida De Notaris S
Porphyra lucasii Levring C
Porphyra maculosa E.Conway C
Porphyra malvanensis Anilkumar & P.S.N.Rao C
Porphyra marcosii P.A.Cordero C
Porphyra marginata C.K.Tseng & T.J.Chang C
Porphyra martensiana Suhr C
Porphyra microphylla Zanardini C
Porphyra microphylla Reinsch C
Porphyra migitae N.Kikuchi, S.Arai, G.Yoshida & J.-A. Shin S
Porphyra miniata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh S
Porphyra miniata var. amplissima (Kjellman) Rosenvinge S
Porphyra miniata var. tenuissima (Strömfelt) Rosenvinge S
Porphyra miniata var. abyssicola (Kjellman) Rosenvinge S
Porphyra miniata var. pusilla Areschoug S
Porphyra miniata f. latior Areschoug C
Porphyra miniata f. cuneiformis Setchell & Hus S
Porphyra miniata f. tenuissima (Strömfelt) Levring S
Porphyra minima P.Crouan & H.Crouan C
Porphyra minor Zanardini C
Porphyra monosporangia S.Wang & J.Zhang C
Porphyra moriensis H.Ohmi S
Porphyra mumfordii S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole C
Porphyra naiadum var. australis E.Y.Dawson C
Porphyra naiadum f. major Hus C
Porphyra naiadum f. minor Hus C
Porphyra naiadum C.L.Anderson S
Porphyra naiadum var. minor (Hus) E.Y.Dawson P
Porphyra naiadum var. major (Hus) E.Y.Dawson P
Porphyra nereocystis C.L.Anderson S
Porphyra njordii P.M.Pedersen C
Porphyra nobilis De Notaris C
Porphyra nobilis J.Agardh C
Porphyra norrisii V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra occidentalis Setchell & Hus S
Porphyra ochotensis f. lanceolata T.Tanaka C
Porphyra ochotensis Nagai C
Porphyra okamurae Ueda C
Porphyra okhaensis H.V.Joshi, R.M.Oza & A.Tewari C
Porphyra oligospermatangia C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng C
Porphyra olivii Orfanidis, Neefus & Bray S
Porphyra onoi Ueda S
Porphyra palleola M.Noda S
Porphyra papenfussii V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra pendula E.Y.Dawson S
Porphyra perforata f. lanceolata Setchell & Hus S
Porphyra perforata f. patens V.Krishnamurthy C
Porphyra perforata J.Agardh S
Porphyra perforata f. segregata Setchell & Hus S
Porphyra pertusa Postels & Ruprecht S
Porphyra plocamiestris R.W.Ricker C
Porphyra pseudoangusta A.Miura S
Porphyra pseudocrassa Y.Yamada & H.Mikami S
Porphyra pseudolanceolata V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra pseudolinearis Ueda S
Porphyra pujalsiae Coll & E.C.Oliveira C
Porphyra pulchella Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott & Zuccarello S
Porphyra pulchra Hollenberg C
Porphyra pumila (Areschoug) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan S
Porphyra punctata Y.Yamada & H.Mikami C
Porphyra purpurea var. umbilicata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh P
Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C.Agardh C - type
Porphyra purpureo-violacea (Roth) V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra purpureoviolacea (Roth) V.Krishnamurthy P
Porphyra qingdaoensis C.K.Tseng & B.F.Zheng C
Porphyra rakiura W.A.Nelson S
Porphyra rediviva J.W.Stiller & J.R.Waaland S
Porphyra reflexa (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan S
Porphyra reniformis Meneghini C
Porphyra rizzinii Coll & E.C.Oliveira C
Porphyra roseana M.A.Howe C
Porphyra rosengurttii J.Coll & J.Cox S
Porphyra saldanhae Stegenga, Bolton & R.J.Anderson S
Porphyra sanjuanensis V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra schistothallus B.F.Zheng & J.Li C
Porphyra schizophylla Hollenberg S
Porphyra segregata (Setchell & Hus) V.Krishnamurthy C
Porphyra seriata Kjellman S
Porphyra sericea (Wulfen) J.Agardh P
Porphyra smithii Hollenberg & I.A.Abbott S
Porphyra spiralis E.C.Oliveira & Coll S
Porphyra spiralis var. amplifolia E.C.Oliveira & Coll C
Porphyra suborbiculata f. qingdaoensis B.F.Zheng & J.Li C
Porphyra suborbiculata f. latifolia T.Tanaka C
Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman S
Porphyra subtumens J.Agardh ex R.M.Laing S
Porphyra subtumens J.Agardh P
Porphyra tanegashimensis I.Shinmura S
Porphyra tasa (Yendo) Ueda S
Porphyra tenera f. kjellmanii Ueda C
Porphyra tenera Kjellman S
Porphyra tenera var. tamatsuensis A.Miura C
Porphyra tenera var. tamatsuensis A.Miura ex K.Yamauchi S
Porphyra tenuipedalis A.Miura S
Porphyra tenuis B.F.Zheng & J.Li C
Porphyra tenuissima J.Agardh ex Frauenfeld C
Porphyra tenuissima C.Agardh ex Frauenfeld S
Porphyra tenuissima (Strömfelt) Setchell & Hus C
Porphyra tenuitasa E.Fukuhara S
Porphyra thulaea I.M.Munda & P.M.Pedersen S
Porphyra thuretii Setchell & E.Y.Dawson S
Porphyra torta V.Krishnamurthy S
Porphyra tristanensis Baardseth C
Porphyra uedae E.Fukuhara S
Porphyra umbilicalis var. divisa J.Agardh C
Porphyra umbilicalis f. pudica Hamel C
Porphyra umbilicalis (Linnaeus) J.Agardh S
Porphyra umbilicalis var. novae-zelandiae Laing C
Porphyra umbilicalis var. vulgaris Ruprecht S
Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing C
Porphyra umbilicalis f. epiphytica F.S.Collins S
Porphyra umbilicalis f. purpurea (Wahlenberg) Jadin S
Porphyra umbilicalis var. laciniata (Lightfoot) J.Agardh C
Porphyra umbilicalis subsp. laciniata (Lightfoot) J.Agardh P
Porphyra umbilicalis subsp. purpurea (Wahlenberg) J.Agardh P
Porphyra umbilicalis var. simplex J.Agardh C
Porphyra umbilicalis f. linearis (Greville) Rosenvinge S
Porphyra umbilicalis f. vulgaris (Ruprecht) Rosenvinge P
Porphyra umbilicalis subsp. pacifica L.P.Perestenko C
Porphyra umbilicalis f. laciniata (C.Agardh) Thuret S
Porphyra umbilicalis f. rosea Hamel C
Porphyra umbilicata var. sanguinea Ruprecht C
Porphyra umbilicata var. vulgaris Ruprecht C
Porphyra umbilicata Ruprecht C
Porphyra umbilicata var. laciniata (Lightfoot) Ruprecht P
Porphyra umbilicata f. perforata Ruprecht C
Porphyra variegata (Kjellman) Kjellman S
Porphyra vermicellifera Kützing S
Porphyra vexillaris Montagne S
Porphyra vietnamensis T.Tanaka & Pham-Hoàng Ho S
Porphyra violacea J.Agardh C
Porphyra virididentata W.A.Nelson S
Porphyra vulgaris var. linearis Lenormand C
Porphyra vulgaris var. umbilicata (C.Agardh) Naccari P
Porphyra vulgaris var. minor (Zanardini) Zanardini P
Porphyra vulgaris var. laciniata Rabenhorst C
Porphyra vulgaris var. laciniata Lenormand C
Porphyra vulgaris C.Agardh S
Porphyra vulgaris Kützing C
Porphyra vulgaris f. umbilicata (C.Agardh) P.Crouan & H.Crouan P
Porphyra woolhouseae Harvey C
Porphyra yamadae Yoshida C
Porphyra yezoensis f. kinositae Y.Yamada & T.Tanaka S
Porphyra yezoensis f. coreana Ueda C
Porphyra yezoensis Ueda S
Porphyra yezoensis f. narawaensis A.Miura C
References
Sutherland, J.E., Lindstrom, S.C., Nelson, W.A., Brodie, J., Lynch, M.D., Hwang, M.S., Choi, H.-G., Miyata, M., Kikuchi, N., Oliveira, M.C., Farr, T., Neefus, C., Mols-Mortensen, A. Milstein, D. & Müller, K.M. (2011). A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 47(5): 1131-1151.
Stiller, J.W. & Waaland, J.R. (1993). Molecular analysis reveals cryptic diversity in Porphyra (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 29(4): 506-517.
Contributors
Some of the descriptions included in AlgaeBase were originally from the unpublished Encyclopedia of Algal Genera,
organised in the 1990s by Dr Bruce Parker on behalf of the Phycological Society of America (PSA)
and intended to be published in CD format.
These AlgaeBase descriptions are now being continually updated, and each current contributor is identified above.
The PSA and AlgaeBase warmly acknowledge the generosity of all past and present contributors and particularly the work of Dr Parker.
Descriptions of chrysophyte genera were subsequently published in J. Kristiansen & H.R. Preisig (eds.). 2001. Encyclopedia of Chrysophyte Genera. Bibliotheca Phycologica 110: 1-260.
Linking to this page: http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=84
Citing AlgaeBase
Cite this record as:
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2013. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; searched on 19 June 2013.
Algaebase taxon LSID: urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:8384
