Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Weber & Mohr

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Rhodophycophyta
Subphylum Eurhodophytina
Class Florideophyceae
Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
Order Palmariales
Family Palmariaceae
Genus Palmaria

Pictures:

click on thumbnail for larger version.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; on rock at low water. 31 Aug 2008. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; on rock at low water with Fucus serratus. 31 Aug 2008. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; on rock at low water. 31 Aug 2008. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; mature, reproductive plants with tubular Ulva spp. and fucoids. 24 Sep 2006. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Coral Strand, Carreroe, Co. Galway, Ireland; low water. 31 Aug 2007. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Coral Strand, Carreroe, Co. Galway, Ireland. 31 Aug 2007. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; lower intertidal rocks. 30 Sep 2007. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; lower intertidal, epiphytic on Fucus serratus; 10.5-mm lens. 30 Sep 2007. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Silver Strand, Co. Galway, Ireland; fisheye lens; old plants at the end of the season. 01 Sep 2007. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; lower intertidal rocks. 30 Sep 2007. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

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Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Weber & Mohr Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; mature, reproductive plants with tubular Ulva spp. and fucoids

Publication details
Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Weber & Mohr 1805: 300

Original publication: [Weber, F. & Mohr, D.M.H.] (1805). Einige Worte über unsre bisherigen, hauptsächlich carpologischen Zergliederungen von kryptogamischen Seegewächsen. Beiträge zur Naturkunde 1: 204-329.
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Type species
The type species (lectotype) of the genus Palmaria is Ceramium palmatum (Linnaeus) Stackhouse.

Status of name
This name is of an entity that is currently accepted taxonomically.

Basionym
Fucus palmatus Linnaeus

Type information
Type locality: “Ad oras atlantica” (Linnaeus 1753: 1162). Lectotype: L 910.184.2889 (Irvine & Guiry 1983: 68). Notes: Linnaeus’'s description was taken from Van Royen (1740) and a lectotype has been selected from his herbarium (which Linnaeus examined).

Origin of species name
Adjective (Latin), lobed or divided in the manner of an outspread hand with the sinuses between the lobes pointing to the place of attachment (Stearn 1973).

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Fucus palmatus Linnaeus 1753
Ulva palmata (Linnaeus) Withering 1796
Ceramium palmatum (Linnaeus) Stackhouse 1797
Delesseria palmata (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux 1813
Halymenia palmata (Linnaeus) C.Agardh 1817
Sphaerococcus palmatus (Linnaeus) Wahlenberg 1826
Rhodymenia palmata (Linnaeus) Greville 1830

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Fucus ovinus Gunnerus 1766
Fucus dulcis S.G.Gmelin 1768
Ulva delicatula Gunnerus 1772
Ulva caprina Gunnerus 1772
Fucus bullatus O.F.Müller 1777
Fucus foliaceus Ström 1788
Fucus soboliferus M.Vahl 1792
Fucus caprinus Vahl 1794
Fucus delicatulus (Gunnerus) Vahl 1797
Fucus rubens Esper 1799
Fucus sarniensis Roth 1806
Palmaria expansa Stackhouse 1809
Palmaria lanceolata Stackhouse 1809
Fucus palmatus var. ß marginifer Turner 1809
Fucus palmatus var. laciniatus Wahlenberg 1812
Delesseria sobolifera (M.Vahl) J.V.Lamouroux 1813
Halymenia palmata var. marginifera (Turner) C.Agardh 1817
Halymenia palmata var. laciniata (Wahlenberg) C.Agardh 1817
Halymenia sobolifera (M.Vahl) C.Agardh 1817
Halymenia palmata var. simplex C.Agardh 1817
Sphaerococcus sarniensis (Roth) C.Agardh 1817
Ulva sobolifera (M.Vahl) Lyngbye 1819
Ulva palmata var. laciniata Lyngbye 1819
Ulva palmata var. marginifera Lyngbye 1819
Ulva palmata var. simplex (C.Agardh) Lyngbye 1819
Halymenia palmata var. concatenata C.Agardh 1822
Halymenia palmata var. sarniensis (Roth) C.Agardh 1822
Fucus rubescens Sommerfelt 1826
Rhodymenia palmata var. sarniensis (Roth) Greville 1830
Rhodymenia sobolifera (M.Vahl) Greville 1830
Sphaerococcus soboliferus (M.Vahl) Kützing 1843
Sphaerococcus palmatus var. prolifer 1843
Rhodymenia palmata var. sobolifera (M.Vahl) Harvey 1847
Rhodymenia palmata var. marginifera Harvey 1849
Rhodymenia palmata f. sobolifera (M.Vahl) J.Agardh 1851
Rhodymenia palmata var. simplex (C.Agardh) Kleen 1874
Rhodymenia palmata f. prolifera (Kützing) Kjellman 1883
Rhodymenia palmata f. angustifolia Kjellman 1883
Rhodymenia palmata f. flabellata Rosenvinge 1893
Rhodymenia palmata var. latifolia Rosenvinge 1893
Rhodymenia palmata var. latifolia f. quercifolia Rosenvinge 1893
Rhodymenia palmata f. quercifolia (Rosenvinge) Rosenvinge 1898
Rhodymenia palmata var. murmanica A.D.Zinova 1950
Rhodymenia palmata f. marginifera (Turner) A.D.Zinova 1955

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Common names

(as Rhodymenia palmata (Linnaeus) Greville)
English: Dulse (Dickinson 1963).

Common names used in commerce, often for edible algae
grannogh; dillisk; main de mer {Fr}; handed fucus {Eng}; "fucus, handed"

Usage notes
This is a common red seaweed found between the tides on rocky shores and is named for its resemblance to the palm of the human hand (Latin, palma). In Ireland, Scotland and England, it is known as Dillisk or Dulse. In Irish, two names are used: Creathnach (feminine) and Duileasc (masculine). These names actually express different forms of what appears to be a single biological entity. Creathnach is a smaller, narrower form that generally grows on small mussels on wave-swept shores, and is sometimes known as "Shell-dulse" in English; this form is more popular in many places.Duilleasc, on the other hand, is used for a larger, broader form that grows directly on rocks or on kelp.

The use of dulse is known in Ireland since at least the twelfth century when it was mentioned in a poem describing the duties of monks:

Seal ag buain duilisg do charraig,
seal ag aclaidh,
seal ag tabhairt bhídh do bhoctaibh,
seal i gcaracair.

A while gathering dillisk from the rock,
a while fishing,
a while giving food to the poor,
a while in a cell.

Regulations governing the collection of dulse were introduced in Iceland in the thirteenth century, and the Icelandic sagas (eleventh century onwards) describe one of the heroes being given dulse in milk to lull him into sleep prior to being killed.

Dulse is good to eat, but only after being dried. In a fresh state it is leathery and unpalatable. After sun-drying and proper storage, it is a very pleasant plant to chew. It has very little fat and only a small amount of proteins and cellulose, but is very rich in trace elements and vitamins, particularly vitamin A. Dulse contains large amount of several unusual carbohydrates including an unusual short-chained one, floridoside, and this can form up to 30% of the dry weight. This may account for its palatability.

Scotland, Norway, Iceland and eastern Canada all produce small amounts of dulse for human consumption. In Ireland about 20 dry tonnes are sold each year, mainly in the west and north-east. It is particularly popular in the working class areas on north Belfast where its use is likely to have come, along with the name 'dulse' from Scotland. At present natural dulse is in short supply.

All sorts of claims are made for dulse. According to a herbal published in Dublin in 1726 (Threlkeld's Synopsis stirpium hibernicarum…, as Fucus palmam humanam referens):

"But in Dublin men chew it like Tobacco when dry, carrying it in their Pockets for that end, which destroys worms, and gives a Relish to Beer, as Anchoves and Olives to Wine; it is commended against Women's longing."

The matter of it being a vermifuge may be due to the kainic acid content. Dulse used to be sold in the Galway Egg and Butter Market and was reputed to be an good remedy for a hangover; it is still occasionally sold in vegetable and fishmonger shops in Galway. Nowadays, dulse is often used in chowders and fish dishes, as a condiment, and even in desserts and bread.

Description
Reddish brown, membranous or leathery, flattened fronds, 50-300 (-1000) mm long, arising from a discoid base, usually with a small stipe expanding gradually to form simple or dichotomously and palmately divided fronds, often with characteristic marginal leaflets. Blade very variable in shape, having broadly ovate to narrowly linear segments.

Habitat
Marine. On rock, mussels and epiphytic on several algae, intertidal (at all levels but particularly near low water) and shallow subtidal , especially on upper part of Laminaria hyperborea stipes (to a depth of 5 m), widely distributed, abundant. Undivided or sparingly divided forms occur on mussels on exposed shores and sometimes in the subtidal (to 20 m in exceptionally clear water); plants growing on exposed shores, known in Ireland as Creathnach, are considered to be more palatable than the leathery plants of the lower intertidal of semi-exposed shores, which are usually dried and sold as Dillisk or Dilleasc; these forms may ultimately prove to be a separate entity. A very finely dissected form grows epiphytically on rocks, pedbbles and Fucus serrratus in the sheltered parts of semi-exposed shores where silt or fine sand accumulates; this is sometimes known as the "var. sobolifera" or "var. sarniensis" and is much less common than the other forms.

Key characteristics
The palmate branching with its finger-like extensions is very characterstic; most plants have marginal proliferations at the base. Young plants can be less leathery and may be thin and slippery.

Similar species
The finely-divided forms are sometimes misidentified as Gracilaria multipartita, the latter is, however, much thicker, and recognisably fleshy.

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Fucus palmatus Linnaeus)
Ireland: Dublin (Anonymous 1818), Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803, Anonymous 1818).

(as Ulva palmata (Linnaeus) Withering)
Ireland: Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803).

(as Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Weber & Mohr)
Ireland: Antrim (McMillan & Morton 1979, Morton 1994), Clare (Pybus 1977, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Maggs 1983), Cork (Guiry 1978), Derry (Morton 1994), Donegal (Guiry 1978, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1994), Galway (Maggs 1983), Kerry (Cullinane & Whelan 1983), Mayo (Guiry 1978), Waterford (Guiry 1978).

Europe: Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Britain (Irvine 1983, Guiry 1997, Hardy & Guiry 2003), France (Coppejans 1995, Le Gall et al, Valenzuela Miranda 2005, Kraan & Guiry 2006, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007, Loiseaux-de Goër & Noailles 2008), Ireland (Pybus 1977, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Irvine 1983, Maggs 1983, Morton 1994, Kraan & Guiry 2006), Netherlands (Stegenga & Mol 1983), Norway (Rueness 1997, Kraan & Guiry 2006), Portugal (Cremades et al., 2002, Araujo et al. 2009, Araújo, Bárbara & Sousa-Pinto in press), Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996), Spain (Pérez-Cirera & Maldonado 1982, Granja, Cremades & Barbara 1992, Bárbara & Cremades 1996, Valenzuela Miranda 2002, Bárbara et al. 2005, Kraan & Guiry 2006, Esteban et al. 2009), Spitsbergen (Vinogradova 1995).

Atlantic Islands: Azores (Neto 1994 ).

North America: Alaska (Kraan & Guiry 2006), Maine (Mathieson et al. 2001), New Brunswick (Bates et al. 2005), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986), Nova Scotia (Kraan & Guiry 2006).

Africa: Ghana (John et al. 2004 ).

South-west Asia: India (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996 , Sahoo et al. 2001 ), Yemen (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996 ).

Asia: Korea (Lee & Kang 2001 ).

South-east Asia: Philippines (Silva, Meñez & Moe 1987 ).

(as Palmaria expansa Stackhouse)
Europe: Britain (Stackhouse 1809).

(as Palmaria lanceolata Stackhouse)
Europe: Britain (Stackhouse 1809).

(as Rhodymenia palmata (Linnaeus) Greville)
Arctic: Canada (Arctic) (Lee 1980).

Ireland: Antrim (Drummond 1837, Dickie 1871, McMillan & Morton 1979), Cork (Cullinane 1971, Cullinane, McCarthy & Fletcher 1975), Down (Morton 1974), Limerick (Cullinane 1969), Louth (Synnott 1969), Mayo (Cotton 1912), Wexford (Cotton 1913, Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970).

Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), France (Feldmann 1954), Iceland (Caram & Jónsson 1972), Ireland (Cotton 1912, Cullinane 1969, Cullinane 1971), Portugal (Ardré 1970), Spain (Miranda 1931), Sweden (Kylin 1907, Kylin 1944).

Atlantic Islands: Canary Islands (Woelkerling et al. 1998 ).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977).

South America: Brazil (Taylor 1930).

(as Rhodymenia palmata var. sarniensis (Roth) Greville)
Ireland: Mayo (Cotton 1912).

Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), Ireland (Cotton 1912).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977).

(as Rhodymenia palmata var. sobolifera (M.Vahl) Harvey)
Ireland: Cork (Renouf 1931).

Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Rhodymenia palmata var. marginifera Harvey)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Rhodymenia palmata var. simplex (C.Agardh) Kleen)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

Taxonomic notes
Morton (1994) includes "Palmaria palmata var. sobolifera" from Northern Ireland, a combination that has not been validated; this entity (formerly Rhodymenia palmata var. sobolifera) is currently considered to be included in the type variety.

New note. - (31 May 2010) - M.D. Guiry

Nomenclatural notes
Initially this binomial was ascribed to Stackhouse (1801) and later to Kuntze (1891), but the earliest valid use of the name is that of Weber & Mohr (1805) (Athanasiadis 22 March 2010, e-mail). - (15 Jul 2010) - M.D. Guiry

Key references
Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, 266 pls. Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Irvine, L.M. & Guiry, M.D. (1983). Palmariales. In: Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta, Part 2A Cryptonememiales (sensu stricto), Palmariales, Rhodymeniales. (Irvine, L. Eds) Vol.1 (2A), pp. 65-98. London: British Museum.

Loiseaux-de Goër, S. & Noailles, M.-C. (2008). Algues de Roscoff. pp. [1]-215, col. figs. Roscoff: Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff.

SAG Cultures
No records have been found on the SAG site.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 67 samples identified as Palmaria palmata.

Created: 30 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 16 July 2010 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 36029 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Deniaud, E., Fleurence, J. & Lahaye, M. (2003). Interactions of the mix-linked b-(1,3)/b-(1,4)-D-xylans in the cell walls of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 39: 74-82.
Deniaud, E., Fleurence, J. & Lahaye, M. (2003). Preparation and chemical characterization of cell wall fractions enriched in structural proteins from Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Botanica Marina 46: 366-377.
Deniaud, E., Le Gall, L., Rusig, A.-M. & Lahaye, M. (2006). Initial observations on glycoside deposition in cell walls of Palmaria palmata (L.) Kuntze (Rhodophyta) during spore germination. Botanica Marina 49: 266-269.
Deshmukhe, G.V. & Tatewaki, M. (1990). The life history of the macroscopic male gametophyte in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) from Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan. Japanese Journal of Phycology 38: 215-221.
Dion, P. & Delépine, R. (1981). Studies on the development of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyceae) using in situ controlled cultures. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 265 - 270.
Dion, P. & Delépine, R. (1981). Studies on the development of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyceae) using in situ controlled cultures. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 265-270.
Faes, V.A. & Viejo, R.M. (2003). Structure and dynamics of a population of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) in northern Spain. Journal of Phycology 39: 1038-1049.
Fish, B.C., Barwell, C.J. & Rogers, D.J. (1988). Separation of lectins and phycobiliproteins in extracts of Palmaria palmata and Plumaria elegans. British Phycological Journal 23: 286.
Guiry, M.D. (1974). A preliminary consideration of the taxonomic position of Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Stackhouse = Rhodymenia palmata (Linnaeus) Greville. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54: 509-528.
Guiry, M.D. (1975). Halosacciocolax kjellmanii Lund parasitic on Palmaria palmata forma mollis (S. et G.) Guiry in the eastern North Pacific. Syesis 8: 113-117.
Guiry, M.D. (1975). An assessment of Palmaria palmata forma mollis (S. et G.) comb. nov. (= Rhodymenia palmata forma mollis S. et G.) in the eastern North Pacific. Syesis 8: 245-261.
Guptill, F. (1992). A market study for dulse (Palmaria palmata). pp. 70. Armdale: Guptill Consulting Services.
Hagen Rodde, R.S., Varum, K.M., Larsen, B.A. & Myklestad, S.M. (2004). Seasonal and geographical variation in the chemical composition of the red alga Palmaria palmata (L.) Kuntze. Botanica Marina 47: 125-133.
Hanelt, D. & Nultsch, W. (1995). Field studies of photoinhibition show non-correlations between Oxygen and fluorescence measurements in the Arctic red alga Palmaria palmata. Journal of Plant Physiology 145: 31-38.
Kamiya, H., Ogata, K. & Hori, K. (1982). Isolation and characterization of a new agglutinin in the red alga Palmaria palmata (L.) O. Kuntze. Botanica Marina 25: 537-540.
Kraan, S. & Guiry, M.D. (2006). A genetic investigation of two morphotypes of Palmaria palmata (Palmariales, Rhodophyta) using Rubisco spacer and ITS 1 and ITS 2 sequences. Cryptogamie Algologie 27: 17-30.
Kübler, J.E. & Raven, J.A. (1995). The interaction between inorganic carbon acquisition and light supply in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 31: 369-375, 6 figs, 1 table.
Lahaye, M. & Vigouroux, J. (1992). Liquefaction of dulse (Palmaria palmata (L.) Kuntze) by a commercial enzyme preparation and a purified endo-b-1,4-D-xylanase. Journal of Applied Phycology 4: 329-337, 5 tables.
Lahaye, M., Michel, C. & Barry, J.L. (1993). Chemical, physicochemical and in-vitro fermentation characteristics of dietary fibres from Palmaria palmata (L.) Küntze. Food Chem. 47: 29-36, 3 figs, 4 tables.
Le Gall, L., Rusig, A-M. & Cosson, J. (2004). Organisation of the microtubular cytoskeleton in protoplasts from Palmaria palmata (Palmariales, Rhodophyta). Botanica Marina 47: 231-237.
Liu, Q.Y., Chen, L.C.-M. & Taylor, A.R.A. (1992). Ultrastructure of cell wall regeneration by isolated protoplasts of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Botanica Marina 35: 21-33, 31 figs.
Ma, Y.-C., Blunden, G., Barwell, C.J. & Yang, M.-H. (1995). 7-oxo-desmosterol from Palmaria palmata. Botanica Marina 38: 133-134.
Martínez, B. & Rico, J.M. (2002). Seasonal variations of P content and major N pools in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 38: 1082-1089.
Martinez, B. & Rico, J.M. (2004). Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous uptake kinetics in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 40: 642-650.
Martínez, B. & Rico, J.M. (2004). Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake kinetics in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 40: 642-650.
Martinez, B. & Rico, J.M. (2008). Changes in nutrient content of Palmaria palmata in response to variable light and upwelling in northern Spain. Journal of Phycology 44(1): 50-59.
Martínez, B., Vejo, R.M., Rico, J.M., Rødde, R.H., Faes, V.A., Oliveros, J. & Alvarez, D. (2007). Open sea cultivation of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) on the northern Spanish coast. Aquaculture 254: 376-387.
Mishra, V.K., Temelli, F., Ooraikul, B., Shacklock, P.F. & Craigie, J.S. (1993). Lipids of the red alga, Palmaria palmata. Botanica Marina 36: 169-174.
Morgan, K.C. & Simpson, F.J. (1981). Cultivation of Palmaria (Rhodymenia) palmata: effect of high concentrations of nitrate and ammonium on growth and nitrogen uptake. Aquatic Botany 11: 167-171.
Morgan, K.C. & Simpson, F.J. (1981). The cultivation of Palmaria palmata. Effect of light intensity and nitrate supply on growth and chemical composition. Botanica Marina 24: 272-277.
Morgan, K.C. & Simpson, F.J. (1981). The cultivation of Palmaria palmata. Effect of light intensity on growth and chemical composition. Botanica Marina 24: 547-552.
Morgan, K.C., Shacklock, P.F. & Simpson, F.J. (1980). Some aspects of the culture of Palmaria palmata in greenhouse tanks. Botanica Marina 23: 765-770.
Morgan, K.C., Wright, J.L.C. & Simpson, F.J. (1980). Review of chemical constituents of the red alga Palmaria palmata (dulse). Economic Botany 34: 27-50.
Pakker, H., Martins, R.S.T., Boelen, P., Buma, A.G.J., Nikaido, O. & Breeman, A.M. (2000). Effects of temperature on the photoreactivation of ultraviolet-B-induced DNA damage in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 36: 334-341.
Pérez-Ruzafa, I., Lazzo, G. & Conde Poyales, F. (2005). Mapas de distribución de algas marinas de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. XIX. Palmaria palmata y Rhodothamniella floridula (Palmariales, Rhodophyta). Botanica Complutensis 29: 71-75.
Provan, J., Wattier, R.A. & Maggs, C.A. (2005). Phylogeographic analysis of the red seaweed Palmaria palmata reveals a Pleistocene marine glacial refugium in English Channel. Molecular Ecology 14: 793-803.
Pueschel, C.M. & van der Meer, J.P. (1984). Ultrastructural characterization of a pigment mutant of the red alga Palmaria palmata. Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 1101-1107.
Pueschel, C.M. (1977). Unusual lipid bodies in the red alga Palmaria palmata (= Rhodymenia palmata). J. Ultrastruc. Res. 60: 328-334.
Pueschel, C.M. (1979). Ultrastructure of tetrasporogenesis in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 15: 409-424.
Pueschel, C.M. (1980). Evidence for two classes of microbodies in meiocytes of the red alga Palmaria palmata. Protoplasma 104: 273-282.
Rico, J.M. (2003). Cultivo y comercialización de Palmaria palmata. Algas, Número Especial 33-34: .
Robbins, J. V. (1979). Effects of physical and chemical factors on photosynthetic and respiratory rates of Palmaria palmata (Florideophyceae). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 9: 273-283.
Sagert, S. & Schubert, H. (1995). Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) to light qualities that preferentially excite photosystem I or photosystem II. Journal of Phycology 31: 547-554, 5 figs, 4 tables.
Sagert, S. & Schubert, H. (2000). Acclimation of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) to light intensity: comparison between artificial and natural light fields. Journal of Phycology 36: 1119-1128.
van der Meer, J.P. & Chen, L.C.-M. (1979). Evidence for sexual reproduction in the red algae Palmaria palmata and Halosaccion ramentaceum. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 2452-2459.
van der Meer, J.P. & Todd, E.R. (1980). The life history of Palmaria palmata in culture. A new type for the Rhodophyta. Canadian Journal of Botany 58: 1250-1256.
van der Meer, J.P. (1976). A contribution towards elucidating the life history of Palmaria palmata (=Rhodymenia palmata). Canadian Journal of Botany 54: 2903-2906.
van der Meer, J.P. (1984). Experimental hybridizations within the species Palmaria palmata. Genetics 107(Suppl.): 110.
van der Meer, J.P. (1987). Experimental hybridization of Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) from the northeast and northwest Atlantic Ocean. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 1451-1458.
Yabu, H. & Yasui, H. (1984). The male gametophyte of Japanese Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Japanese Journal of Phycology 32: 279-282.