Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Rhodophycophyta
Subphylum Eurhodophytina
Class Florideophyceae
Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
Order Ceramiales
Family Delesseriaceae
Subfamily Phycodryoideae
Tribe Phycodryeae
Genus Phycodrys

Pictures:

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Finavarra, Co. Clare, Ireland; drift. 08 Aug 2004. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Mullaghmore, Co. Sligo, Ireland. 26 May 1994. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters Mullaghmore, Co. Sligo, Ireland

Publication details
Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters 1902: 76

Original publication: Batters, E.A.L. (1902). A catalogue of the British marine algae. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 40(Supplement): 1-107.
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Type species
The type species (holotype) of the genus Phycodrys is Phycodrys sinuosa (Goodenough & Woodward) Kützing.

Status of name
This name is of an entity that is currently accepted taxonomically.

Basionym
Fucus rubens Linnaeus

Type information
Type locality: unlocalised (“in Oceano”) (Athanasiadis 1996: 114). Holotype: undated; L 910.128.1044 Notes: Dixon, 1964, fig. 1

Origin of species name
Participle (Latin), reddish (Stearn 1973).

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Fucus rubens Linnaeus 1753
Agarum rubens (Linnaeus) Link 1809

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Fucus crenatus S.G.Gmelin 1768
Fucus cartilagineus Forsskål 1775
Fucus roseus O.F.Müller 1775
Fucus epiphyllus O.F.Müller 1777
Fucus sinuosus Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus sinuosus var. quercifolius Turner 1802
Delesseria sinuosa J.V.Lamouroux 1813
Delesseria sinuosa var. quercifolia (Turner) C.Agardh 1817
Sphaerococcus sinuosus (Goodenough & Woodward) C.Agardh 1817
Delesseria sinuosa var. lingulata C.Agardh 1822
Phycodrys sinuosa (Goodenough & Woodward) Kützing 1843
Delesseria sinuosa f. angusta Kjellman 1875
Delesseria sinuosa f. quercifolius (Turner) Kjellman 1883
Phyllophora epiphylla (O.F.Müller) Batters 1902
Phycodrys rubens var. lingulata (C.Agardh) Batters 1902
Phycodrys rubens f. lingulatus (C.Agardh) Rosenvinge 1924
Phycodrys rubens f. quercifolius (Turner) Rosenvinge 1924
Delesseria sinuosa f. sublinearis Rosenvinge 1924
Phycodrys rubens f. aegagropila Rosenvinge 1924
Phycodrys sinuosus f. lingulatus (C.Agardh) Sjöstedt 1927
Phycodrys sinuosa f. quercifolius (Turner) Sjöstedt 1927
Phycodrys crenata (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva 1996

General environment
This is a marine species.

Description
Flattened, leafy, purple-crimson fronds, to 300 mm long. Cylindrical stipe continues as midrib of elliptical or ovate blade, membranous and monstromatic except for pinnate paired lateral veins extending into lobes of blade. Marginal lobes grow into secondary blades, which may in turn develop tertiary blades,each sinuate or lobed like oak leaf. Margin sinuous, toothed or drawn out into slender, repeatedly divided processes.

Habitat
On rock or epiphytic, especially on Laminaria hyperborea stipes, lower intertidal pools and subtidal, generally distributed, common.

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Fucus rubens Linnaeus)
Ireland: Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803), Spain (Roxas Clemente y Rubio 1807).

(as Delesseria sinuosa J.V.Lamouroux)
Ireland: Antrim (Drummond 1837, Dickie 1871, McMillan & Morton 1979), Dublin (Sanders 1860), Mayo (Cotton 1912).

Europe: Ireland (Cotton 1912, Cotton 1913), Spain (Miranda 1931), Sweden (Kylin 1907).

(as Phycodrys sinuosa (Goodenough & Woodward) Kützing)
Europe: Sweden (Kylin 1944).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977, Scagel et al. 1989).

(as Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters)
Arctic: Alaska (Arctic) (Mathieson & Hehre 1986), Canada (Arctic) (Lee 1980).

Ireland: Antrim (Guiry 1978, McMillan & Morton 1979, Morton 1994), Clare (Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Maggs 1983), Cork (Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1978, Cullinane & Whelan 1983), Derry (Morton 1994), Donegal (Guiry 1978, Maggs & Guiry 1982, Maggs & Hommersand 1993, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1974, Guiry 1978, Maggs & Hommersand 1993, Morton 1994), Dublin (Guiry 1978), Galway (Guiry 1978, Maggs 1983), Kerry (Guiry 1978, Cullinane & Whelan 1983, Whelan & Cullinane 1985), Mayo (Guiry 1978), Waterford (Guiry 1978), Wexford (Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970, Guiry 1978).

Europe: Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Britain (Newton 1931, Maggs & Hommersand 1993, Lin, Fredericq & Hommersand 2001, Hardy & Guiry 2003), Denmark (Larsen & Sand-Jensen 2006), E. Greenland (Lund 1959, Pedersen 1976), Faroes (Irvine 1982, Nielsen & Gunnarsson 2001), France (Feldmann 1954, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007, Loiseaux-de Goër & Noailles 2008), Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000), Iceland (Caram & Jónsson 1972, Lin, Fredericq & Hommersand 2001), Ireland (Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Maggs 1983, Whelan & Cullinane 1985, Maggs & Hommersand 1993, Morton 1994), Portugal (Ardré 1970), Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996), Spain (Conde et al. 1996), Spitsbergen (Vinogradova 1995), Sweden (Kylin 1944, Tolstoy & Österlund 2003).

North America: Maine (Mathieson et al. 2001), New Brunswick (Bates et al. 2005), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Mathieson & Dawes 2002), New Jersey (Maggs & Hommersand 1993), Quebec (Gagnon et al 2005).

Asia: Japan (Yoshida, Nakajima & Nakata 1990).

(as Phyllophora epiphylla (O.F.Müller) Batters)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), France (Feldmann 1954).

(as Phycodrys rubens var. lingulata (C.Agardh) Batters)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Phycodrys rubens f. lingulatus (C.Agardh) Rosenvinge)
Europe: E. Greenland (Lund 1959).

(as Phycodrys rubens f. quercifolius (Turner) Rosenvinge)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Phycodrys rubens f. aegagropila Rosenvinge)
Europe: Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996).

Nomenclatural notes
Silva, Basson & Moe (1996: 905-906) examined the complicated nomenclatural history of this species and concluded that the correct name for the entity was Phycodrys crenata (S.G. Gmelin) P.C. Silva. However, this conclusion was strongly refuted by Wynne (1997: 330) and the name Phycodrys rubens is retained here.

Key references
Bates, C.R., Saunders, G.W. & Chopin, T. (2005). An assessment of two taxonomic distinctness indices for detecting seaweed assemblage responses to environmental stress. Botanica Marina 48: 231-243.

Gagnon, P., Johnson, L.E. & Himmelman, J.H. (2005). Kelp patch dynamics in the face of intense herbivory: stability of Agarum clathratum (Phaeophyta) stands and associated flora on urchin barrens. Journal of Phycology 41: 498-505.

Larsen, A. & Sand-Jensen, K. (2005). Salt tolerance and distribution of estuarine benthic macroalgae in the Kattegat-Baltic Sea area. Phycologia 45: 13-23.

Loiseaux-de Goër, S. & Noailles, M.-C. (2008). Algues de Roscoff. pp. [1]-215, col. figs. Roscoff: Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff.

Maggs, C.A. & Hommersand, M.H. (1993). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta. Part 3A. Ceramiales. pp. xv + 444, 129 figs, map. London: HMSO.

Wynne, M.J. & Heine, J.N. (1992). Collections of marine red algae from St. Matthew and St. Lawrence Islands, the Bering Sea. Nova Hedwigia 55: 55-97.

SAG Cultures
No records have been found on the SAG site.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences

Created: 31 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 20 November 2008 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 1934 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Molenaar, F.J. & Breeman, A.M. (1997). Latitudinal trends in the growth and reproductive seasonality of Delesseria sanguinea, Membranoptera alata and Phycodrys rubens (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 33: 330-343, 9 figs, 3 tables.
Novaczek, I., Lubbers, G.W. & Breeman, A.M. (1990). Thermal ecotypes of amphi-Atlantic algae .I. Algae of Arctic to cold-temperate distribution (Chaetomorpha melagonium, Devaleraea ramentacea and Phycodrys rubens). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 44: 459-474.
Rietema, H. (1991). Evidence for ecotypic divergence between Phycodrys rubens populations from the Baltic Sea and North Sea. Botanica Marina 34: 375-381, 8 figs.
van Oppen, M.J.H., Olsen, J.L. & Stam, W.Y. (1995). Genetic variation within and among North Atlantic and Baltic populations of the benthic alga Phycodrys rubens (Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 30: 251-260.
Voskoboinikov, G.M., Breeman, A.M., van den Hoek, C., Makarov, V.N. & Shoshina, E.V. (1996). Influence of temperature and photoperiod on survival and growth of north east Atlantic isolates of Phycodrys rubens (Rhodophyta) from different latitudes. Botanica Marina 39: 341-346, 1 fig, 2 tables.