Chondrus crispus Stackhouse

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Rhodophyta
Subphylum Eurhodophytina
Class Florideophyceae
Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
Order Gigartinales
Family Gigartinaceae
Genus Chondrus

Pictures:

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Avery Point, Groton, Connecticut, USA; at MLW. 21 Jun 2008. Courtnay Hermann.

Trá an Dóilín, An Cheathrú Rua, Co. na Gaillimhe; lower intertidal. 05 May 2008. M.D. Guiry.

Trá an Dóilín, An Cheathrú Rua, Co. na Gaillimhe. 05 May 2008. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; Irish Moss beds at low water. 30 Sep 2007. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; plants at MLWS. 29 Aug 2007. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; rocks at MLWS. 29 Aug 2007. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; rocks at MLWS; tetrasporangial sori. 29 Aug 2007. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; rocks at MLWS; dichotomous branching. 29 Aug 2007. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; rocks at MLWS with Galway Bay in background. 29 Aug 2007. M.D. Guiry.

Spiddal, Co. Galway, Ireland; rocks at MLWS with many-coloured fromds. 29 Aug 2007. M.D. Guiry.

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Publication details
Chondrus crispus Stackhouse 1797: xxiv

Original publication: Stackhouse, J. (1797). Nereis britannica; continens species omnes fucorum in insulis britannicis crescentium: descriptione latine et anglico, necnon iconibus ad vivum depictis... Fasc. 2. pp. ix-xxiv, 31-70, pls IX-XIII. Bathoniae [Bath] & Londini [London]: S. Hazard; J. White.
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Original description: Download PDF

Type species
This is the type species (lectotype) of the genus Chondrus.

Status of name
This is regarded as a current name.

Origin of species name
Adjective (Latin), crisped, irregularly waved and twisted (Stearn 1973).

Synonym(s)
Fucus filiformis Hudson 1762
Fucus norvegicus Gunnerus 1772
Fucus crispus var. aequalis Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus patens Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus crispus var. brunneus Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus crispus var. virens Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus lacerus Stackhouse 1797
Fucus crispus var. aequalis Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus crispus var. filiformis Goodenough & Woodward 1797
Fucus crispus var. sarniensis Turner 1802
Fucus crispus var. planus Turner 1802
Fucus crispus var. lacerus Turner 1802
Fucus crispus var. patens (Goodenough & Woodward) Turner 1802
Polymorpha crispa (Stackhouse) Stackhouse 1809
Polymorpha norvegicus (Gunnerus) Stackhouse 1809
Polymorpha aequalis (Goodenough & Woodward) Stackhouse 1809
Sphaerococcus crispus f. aequalis (Turner) C. Agardh 1817
Chondrus crispus var. aequalis (Goodenough & Woodward) Lyngbye 1819
Chondrus norvegicus (Gunnerus) Lyngbye 1819
Chondrus crispus var. incurvatus Lyngbye 1819
Halymenia platynus C. Agardh 1822
Chondrus crispus var. virens (Goodenough & Woodward) Duby 1830
Chondrus crispus var. patens Duby 1830
Chondrus crispus var. lacerus (Stackhouse) Duby 1830
Chondrus crispus var. sarniensis (Turner) Duby 1830
Chondrus crispus var. planus 1830
Sphaerococcus crispus var. ciliatus Suhr 1834
Chondrus platynus (C. Agardh) Ruprecht 1850
Chondrus variolosus Ruprecht 1850
Chondrus platysma Ruprecht 1850
Chondrus crispus f. typica Reinke 1889
Chondrus crispus f. abbreviatus Kjellman 1907
Chondrus crispus f. polychotomus Kjellman 1907
Chondrus crispus f. abbreviatus Kjellman ex Kylin 1907
Chondrus crispus f. polychotoma Kjellman ex Kylin 1907
Chondrus crispus f. aequalis (Turner) Rosenvinge 1931
Chondrus crispus f. incurvatus (Lyngbye) Rosenvinge 1931
Chondrus crispus f. densus Rosenvinge 1931
Chondrus crispus f. aequalis (Goodenough & Woodward) Rosenvinge 1931
Iridophycus heterocarpus (Postels & Ruprecht) Setchell & N.L. Gardner 1937
Gigartina heterocarpa (Postels & Ruprecht) D.H. Kim 1976
Mazzaella heterocarpa (Postels & Ruprecht) Fredericq 1993

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Common names

(as Chondrus crispus Stackhouse)
English: Carragheen (Dickinson 1963).

Common names used in commerce, often for edible algae
Irish moss {Eng}; pearl moss {Eng}; carrageen moss {Eng}; carrageen {Eng}; mousse perlTe {Fr}; jelly moss {Eng}; "moss, Irish"; "moss, pearl"; "moss, carrageen"; "moss, jelly"

Description
Cartilaginous, dark purplish-red, red, yellowish or greenish fronds to 150 mm high, gametophyte plants are often iridescent under water when in good condition. Stipe compressed, narrow, expanding gradually to a flat, repeatedly dichotomously branched frond, in tufts from a discoid holdfast. Axils rounded, apices blunt or subacute, frond thicker in centre than margins. Very variable in breadth of segments. Very variable in branching, colour and thickness.

Habitat
On rocks, lower intertidal and shallow subtidal, in pools in the mid-intertidal in some locations; widely distributed in the north western and north eastern Atlantic, often abundant and zone-forming at low water.

Key characteristics
Regular dichotomous branching; cartilaginous feel to the fronds; absence of papillate cystocarps and channeling.

Similar species
Mastocarpus stellatus is frequently collected with Chondrus crispus and sold as a mixture under the name Carrageen or Irish Moss.

Type information
Type locality: N. Atlantic Ocean (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996: 898). Holotype: LINN 1274.68 (Dixon & Irvine 1977: 234).

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Chondrus crispus Stackhouse)
Ireland: Antrim (Adams 1907, Guiry 1978, McMillan & Morton 1979, Morton 1994), Clare (Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979), Cork (Renouf 1931, Cullinane 1971, Cullinane, McCarthy & Fletcher 1975, Guiry 1978), Derry (Guiry 1978, Morton 1994), Donegal (Guiry 1978, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1974, Guiry 1978), Dublin (Sanders 1860, Guiry 1978), Galway (Guiry 1978, Maggs 1983), Kerry (Guiry 1978), Leitrim (Cullinane 1970, Guiry 1978), Limerick (Cullinane 1969, Guiry 1978), Mayo (Cotton 1912, Guiry 1978), Sligo (Cullinane 1970), Waterford (Guiry 1978), Wexford (Cotton 1913, Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970, Guiry 1978), Wicklow (Guiry 1978).

Europe: Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Belgium (Coppejans 1995), Britain (Newton 1931, Dixon & Irvine 1977, Hardy & Guiry 2003, Holmes and Brodie 2005), Channel Islands (Trowbridge, Farnham & White 2004), Denmark (Larsen & Sand-Jensen 2006), Faroes (Irvine 1982, Nielsen & Gunnarsson 2001), France (Feldmann 1954, Coppejans 1995, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007, Loiseaux-de Goër & Noailles 2008), Germany (Hünken et al 2005, Kräbs & Wiencke), Greece (Tsekos & Haritonidis 1977), Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000), Iceland (Caram & Jónsson 1972), Ireland (Adams 1907, Cotton 1912, Cotton 1913, Cullinane 1969, Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Maggs 1983, Morton 1994), Netherlands (Stegenga & Mol 1983, Stegenga, Kaaremans & Simons 2007), Norway (Rueness 1997), Portugal (Ardré 1970, Pereira & Mesquita 2003, Araujo et al. 2009), Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996), Spain (Miranda 1931, Pérez-Cirera & Maldonado 1982, Gallardo & Pérez-Cirera 1982, Fernández & Niell 1982, Fernández, Niell & Anadón 1983, Anadón 1983, Anadón & Fernández 1986, Silva & Fernández 1988, Pérez-Cirera 1989, Fernández, Gutiérrez & Rico 1990, Fernández & Menéndez 1991, Veiga, Cremades & Bárbara 1998, Veiga Villar 1999, Peña & Bárbara 2002, Sánchez, Fernández & Rico 2003, Gorostiaga et al., 2004, Bárbara et al. 2005, Diaz-Tapia & Bárbara 2005, Sánchez et al 2005), Sweden (Kylin 1944).

Atlantic Islands: Azores (Neto 1994), Canary Islands (Price, John & Lawson 1986 , John et al. 2004 ), Cape Verde Islands (Price, John & Lawson 1986 , John et al. 2004 ).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977), Maine (Mathieson et al. 2001), New Brunswick (Bates et al. 2005), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Mathieson & Dawes 2002), Nova Scotia (Schmidt & Scheibling 2006).

South America: Falkland Islands (Papenfuss 1964 ).

Africa: Angola (John et al. 2004 ), Ghana (Price, John & Lawson 1986 , John et al. 2004 ), Mauritania (Price, John & Lawson 1986 , John et al. 2004 ).

Asia: Bering Sea (Lindstrom 1977), Japan (Mikami 1965), Korea (Lee & Kang 2001).

Antarctic and the subantarctic islands: Antarctic Peninsula (Papenfuss 1964 ).

(as Fucus crispus var. aequalis Goodenough & Woodward)
Ireland: Wexford (Tighe 1803 ).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803 ).

(as Fucus crispus var. brunneus Goodenough & Woodward)
Ireland: Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803).

(as Fucus crispus var. virens Goodenough & Woodward)
Ireland: Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803).

(as Fucus crispus var. sarniensis Turner)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Fucus crispus var. planus Turner)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Chondrus crispus var. aequalis (Goodenough & Woodward) Lyngbye)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931), Sweden (Kylin 1944).

(as Chondrus norvegicus (Gunnerus) Lyngbye)
Ireland: Cork (Renouf 1931).

(as Chondrus crispus var. virens (Goodenough & Woodward) Duby)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Chondrus crispus var. patens Duby)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Chondrus crispus var. lacerus (Stackhouse) Duby)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Chondrus platynus (C. Agardh) Ruprecht)
Asia: Russia (Perestenko 1994).

(as Chondrus crispus f. typica Reinke)
Europe: Sweden (Kylin 1944).

(as Chondrus crispus f. abbreviatus Kjellman ex Kylin)
Europe: Sweden (Kylin 1944).

(as Chondrus crispus f. polychotoma Kjellman ex Kylin)
Europe: Sweden (Kylin 1944).

(as Chondrus crispus f. densus Rosenvinge)
Europe: Sweden (Kylin 1944).

(as Mazzaella heterocarpa (Postels & Ruprecht) Fredericq)
North America: Oregon (Hansen 1997 ).

Taxonomic notes
John et al. (2004) cite Chondrus crispus var. lonchophorus as a synonym of Chondrus crispus var. crispus.

Key references
Bates, C.R., Saunders, G.W. & Chopin, T. (2005). An assessment of two taxonomic distinctness indices for detecting seaweed assemblage responses to environmental stress. Botanica Marina 48: 231-243.

Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, 266 pls. Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Dixon, P.S. & Irvine, L.M. (1977). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta. Part 1. Introduction, Nemaliales, Gigartinales. pp. xi + 252, 90 figs. London: British Museum (Natural History).

Hommersand, M.H., Guiry, M.D., Fredericq, S. & Leister, G.L. (1993). New perspectives in the taxonomy of the Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 105-120, 41 figs.

Loiseaux-de Goër, S. & Noailles, M.-C. (2008). Algues de Roscoff. pp. [1]-215, col. figs. Roscoff: Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff.

Mikami, H. (1965). A systematic study of the Phyllophoraceae and Gigartinaceae from Japan and its vicinity. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 5(2): 181-285.

Silva, P.C., Basson, P.W. & Moe, R.L. (1996). Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: 1-1259.

Zemke-White, W.L. & Ohno, M. (1999). World seaweed utilisation: an end-of-century summary. Journal of Applied Phycology 11: 369-376.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 4,271 samples identified as Chondrus crispus.

Created: 30 July 1999 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 31 December 2009 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 33150 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Amat, M. A. & Braud, J.-P. (1990). Ammonium uptake by Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in culture. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 13: 467-471.
Amat, M. A. & Braud, J.-P. (1993). The use of acetic acid as a source of carbon by cultured Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) Stackhouse. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 451-456.
Anadón, R. & Fernández, C. (1988). Cartografía de la biomasa de campos intermareales de Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Florideophyceae) en la costa de Asturias (N. de España). Investigacion Pesquera 52: 265-276.
Bates, S.S. & Craigie, J.S. (1988). Fluorescence induction in the macroalgae Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae) and Ulva sp. (Chlorophyceae). Marine Biology, Berlin 98: 457-466.
Bidwell, R.G.S., Lloyd, N.D.H. & McLachlan, J. (1984). The performance of Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) in laboratory simulations of environments in different locations. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 292-294.
Bidwell, R.G.S., McLachlan, J. & Lloyd, N.D.H. (1985). Tank cultivation of Irish moss, Chondrus crispus Stackh. Botanica Marina 28: 87-97.
Bird, N.L., Chen, L.C.-M. & McLachlan, J. (1979). Effects of temperature, light and salinity on growth in culture of Chondrus crispus, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) and Fucus serratus (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina 22: 521-527.
Bown, P., Plumb, J., Sánchez-Baracaldo, P., Hayes, P.K. & Brodie, J. (2003). Sequence heterogeneity of green (Chlorophyta) endophytic algae associated with a population of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 38: 153-164.
Braud, J. P. & Delépine, R. (1981). Growth response of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) to light and temperature in laboratory and outdoor tanks culture. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 553-558.
Braud, J. P. (1984). Carbonic system-incident energy relationship in Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) tank culture. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 463-466.
Braud, J.-P. & Amat, M. A. (1996). Chondrus crispus (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) tank cultivation: optimizing carbon input by a fixed pH and use of a salt well. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 15: 335-340.
Brewer, D., McLachlan, J., Neish, A.C., Taylor, A. & MacIntyre, T.M. (1979). Effects of feeding of Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) during the grazing season on the condition and fertility of Shropshire ewes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59: 95-100.
Brinkhuis, H. (1974). Photosynthesis in whole plants of Chondrus crispus. Marine Biology 27: 137-141.
Buggeln, R.G. & Craigie, J.S. (1973). The physiology and biochemistry of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 27 (supplement): 81-102.
Burns, R.L. & Mathieson, A.C. (1972). Ecological studies of economic red algae. II. Culture studies of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse and Gigartina stellata (Stackhouse) Batters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 8: 1-6.
Carrington, E., Grace, S.P. & Chopin, T. (2001). Life history phases and biomechanical properties of the red alga Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 37: 699-704.
Chen, L.C.-M. & McLachlan, J. (1972). The life history of Chondrus crispus in culture. Canadian Journal of Botany 50: 1055-1060.
Chen, L.C.-M. & Taylor, A.R.A. (1976). Scanning electron microscopy of early sporeling ontogeny of Chondrus crispus. Canadian Journal of Botany 54: 672-678.
Chen, L.C.-M. & Taylor, A.R.A. (1978). Medullary tissue culture of the red alga Chondrus crispus. Can J Bot 56: 883-886.
Chen, L.C.-M. & Taylor, A.R.A. (1980). Investigations of distinct strains of Chondrus crispus Stackh. I. Field and laboratory observations. Botanica Marina 23: 435-440.
Chen, L.C.-M. & Taylor, A.R.A. (1980). Investigations of distinct strains of Chondrus crispus Stackh. II. Culture studies. Botanica Marina 23: 441-448.
Chen, L.C.-M., McLachlan, J., Neish, A.C. & Shacklock, P.F. (1973). The ratio of kappa- to lambda- carrageenan in the nuclear phases of the Rhodophycean algae, Chondrus crispus and Gigartina stellata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 53: 11-16.
Cheney, D., Mathieson, A. & Schubert, D. (1981). The application of genetic improvement techniques to seaweed cultivation: I. Strain selection in the Carrageenophyte Chondrus crispus. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 559-567.
Cheney, D., Mathieson, M. & Schubert, D. (1981). The application of genetic improvement techniques to seaweed cultivation: I. Strain selection in the carrageenophyte Chondrus crispus. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 569-567.
Cheney, D.P. & Mathieson, A.C. (1979). Population differentiation in the seaweed Chondrus crispus: preliminary results. Isozyme Bull. 12: 57.
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Chopin, T., Floc'h, J.Y., Bodeau-Bellion, C. & Penot, M. (1985). Nutrition phosphorée chez Chondrus crispus Stackh. (Rhodophycées). IFREMER, Actes Coll. 1: 19-32.
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Chopin, T., Hourmant, A., Floc'h, J.-Y. & Penot, M. (1990). Seasonal variations of growth in the red alga Chondrus crispus on the Atlantic French coasts. II - relations with phosphorus concentration in seawater and internal phosphorylated fractions. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 512-517.
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Fernández, C. & Menéndez, M.P. (1991). Producción de las frondes juveniles de Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyceae). Sci. Mar. 54(2): 211-215.
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Floc'h, J.-Y. (1969). First results of a transplant experience in Chondrus crispus. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 171-177.
Fournet, I., Deslandes, E. & Floc'h, J.-Y. (1993). Iridescence: a useful criterion to sort gametophytes from sporophytes in the red alga Chondrus crispus. Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 535-537.
Franklin, L.A., Kräbs, G. & Kuhlenkamp, R. (2001). Blue light and UV-A radiation control the synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids in Chondrus crispus (Florideophyceae). Journal of Phycology 37: 257-270.
Franklin, L.A., Yakovleva, I., Karsten, U. & Lüning, K. (1999). Synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids in Chondrus crispus (Florideophyceae) and the consequences for sensitivity to ultraviolet B radiation. Journal of Phycology 35: 682-693, 9 figs, 2 tables.
Fredericq, S., Brodie, J. & Hommersand, M.H. (1992). Developmental morphology of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 31: 542-563.
Fuller, S.W. & Mathieson, A.C. (1972). Ecological studies of ecolonic red algae. IV. Variations of carrageenan concentration anmd properties in Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 10: 49-58.
Gordon, E.M. & McCandless, E.L. (1973). Ultrastructure and histochemistry of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci. 27 (supplement): 111-133.
Gordon-Mills, E. & McCandless, E. (1981). Studies on Carrageenans in the cell walls of Chondrus crispus Stack. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 8: 558-562.
Gordon-Mills, E.M. & McCandless, E.L. (1975). Carrageenans in the cell walls of Chondrus crispus Stackh. (Rhodophyceae,Gigartinales). I. Localization with fluorescent antibody. Phycologia 14: 275-281.
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