Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Rhodophycophyta
Subphylum Eurhodophytina
Class Florideophyceae
Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
Order Gigartinales
Family Areschougiaceae
Genus Kappaphycus

Pictures:

click on thumbnail for larger version.

Nusa, Bali; drying plants. Robert Anderson. © Robert Anderson.

Nusa, Bali; subtidal farm. Robert Anderson. © Robert Anderson.

Nusa, Bali. Robert Anderson. © Robert Anderson.

Brown strain of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.. 21 May 2009. Leila Hayashi. © Leila Hayashi.

Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; sun-dried samples from experimental farming. 08 Feb 2010. Leila Hayashi. © Leila Hayashi.

Brown, green and red strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii planted in tubular nets, cultivated in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.. 21 May 2009. Leila Hayashi. © Leila Hayashi.

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Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva Nusa, Bali; subtidal farm

Publication details
Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva in P.C. Silva, Basson & Moe 1996: 333

Original publication: Silva, P.C., Basson, P.W. & Moe, R.L. (1996). Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: 1-1259.

Type species
This is the type species (holotype) of the genus Kappaphycus.

Status of name
This name is of an entity that is currently accepted taxonomically.

Basionym
Eucheuma alvarezii Doty

Type information
Holotype locality: Creagh Reef, south of Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia (Doty 1985: 38). Holotype: 13 October 1078; Growing attached to calcareous solid materials of detrital origin near the channel west of Karindingan Island on Creagh Reef. BISH MSD 28727 (Doty 1985: 38). Notes: Within 0.5 km of this same site, paratype collections were made of similar specimens on 10 July 1079 and 25 October 1979 (distributed to BISH,US).

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Eucheuma alvarezii Doty 1985

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Eucheuma alvarezii Doty)
South-east Asia: Malaysia (Doty 1985), Philippines (Silva, Meñez & Moe 1987).

(as Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva)
Caribbean Islands: Cuba (Suárez 2005).

Africa: Kenya (Wakibia et al 2006).

Asia: China (Xia & Zhang 1999).

South-east Asia: Indonesia (Verheij & Prud'homme van Reine 1993, Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Malaysia (Doty 1988), Philippines (Doty 1988), Vietnam (Tsutsui et al. 2005).

Pacific Islands: Federated States of Micronesia (Doty 1988, Lobban & Tsuda 2003), Fiji (N'Yeurt, South & Keats 1996, South & Skelton 2003), Hawaiian Islands (Abbott 1999), Tahiti (Littler & Littler 2003).

Nomenclatural notes
Invalid publication of combination by Doty (1988): inadequate citation of basionym; subsequently validated by P.C. Silva.

Key references
Doty, M.S. (1988). Podromus ad systematica Eucheumatoideorum: a tribe of commercial seaweeds related to Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales). In: Taxonomy of economic seaweeds with reference to some Pacific and Caribbean species. (Abbott, I.A. Eds) Vol.2, pp. 159-207. La Jolla: California Sea Grant College Program [Report T-CSGCP-018].

Wakibia, J.G., Bolton, J.J., Keats, D.W. & Raitt, L.M. (2006). Seasonal changes in carrageenan yield and gel properties in three commercial eucheumoids grown in southern Kenya. Botanica Marina 49: 208-215.

SAG Cultures
No records have been found on the SAG site.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 23 samples identified as Kappaphycus alvarezii.

Created: 19 January 1998 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 10 April 2010 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 13688 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Ask, E.I., Batibasaga, J.A., Zertuche-Gonzalez, J.A. & de San, M. (2003). Three decades of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) introduction to non-endemic locations. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 17: 49-58.
Ask, E.I., Ledua, E., Batibasaga, A. & Mario, S. (2003). Developing the cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii) cultivation industry in the Fiji Islands. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 17: 81-86.
Azanza, R.V. & Aliaza, T.T. (1999). In vitro carpospore release and germination in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty) from Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. Botanica Marina 42: 281-284.
Azanza, R.V. & Ask, E.I. (2003). Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty carposporeling growth and development in the laboratory . Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 17: 95-100.
Bulboa, C., de Paula, E.J. & Chow, F. (2008). Germination and survival of tetraspores of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) introduced in subtropical waters of Brazil . Phycological Research 56(1): 39-45.
Bulboa, C.R. & de Paula, E.J. (2005). Introduction of non-native species of Kappaphycus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in subtropical waters: Comparative analysis of growth rates of Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum in vitro and in the sea in south-eastern Brazil. Phycological Research 53(3): 183-188.
Castelar, B., Reis, R.P., Moura, A.L. & Kirk, R. (2009). Invasive potential of Kappaphycus alvareziioff the south coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: a contribution to environmentally secure cultivation in the tropics . Botanica Marina 52(4): 283-289.
Dawes, C. J., Trono Jr., G. C. & Lluisma, A. O. (1993). Clonal propagation of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii for Philippine seaweed farms. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 379-383.
Dawes, C.J. (1992). Irradiance acclimination of the cultured Phillipine seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum. Botanica Marina 35: 189-195.
De Paula, E.J., Erbert, C., Pereira, R.T.L. (2001). Growth rate of the carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, gigartinales) in vitro. Phycological Research 49: 155-162.
De Paula, E.J., Pereira, R.T.L. & Ohno, M. (2002). Growth rate of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) introduced in subtropical waters of São Paolo State, Brazil. Phycological Research 50(1): 1-10.
Ganzon-Fortes, E.T., Azanza-Corrales, R. & Aliaza, T. (1993). Comparison of photosynthetic responses of healthy and 'diseased' Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty using P vs I curve. Botanica Marina 36: 503-506, 1 fig, 2 tables.
Granbom, M., Lopes, P.F., Pedersén, M. & Colepicolo, P. (2007). Nitrate reductase in the marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta): oscillation due to the protein level. Botanica Marina 50(2): 106-112.
Granbom, M., Pedersén, M., Kadel, P. & Lüning, K. (2001). Circadian rhythm of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta): dependence on light quantity and quality. Journal of Phycology 37: 1020-1025.
Hayashi, L., Yokoya, N.S., Kikuchi, D.M. & Oliveira, E.C. (2009). Callus induction and micropropagation improved by colchicine and phytoregulators in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 19: 203-209, 4 figs.
Hurtado-Ponce, A.Q. (1992). Cage culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalang. Journal of Applied Phycology 4: 311-313.
Hurtado-Ponce, A.Q. (1995). Carrageenan properties and proximate composition of three morphotypes of Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) grown at two depths. Botanica Marina 38: 215-219, 4 tables.
Jacobsen, S., Lüning, K. & Goulard, F. (2003). Circadian changes in relative abundance of two photosynthetic transcripts in the marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 39: 888-896.
José de Paula, E., Pereira, R.T.L. & Ohno, M. (1999). Strain selection in Kappaphycus alvarezii var. alvarezii (Soleiriaceae, Rhodophyta) using tetraspore progeny. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 16: 625-635.
Largo, D.B., Fukami, K. & Nishijima, T. (1999). Time-dependant attachment mechanism of bacteral pathogen during ice-ice infection in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 16: 643-650.
Largo, D.B., Fukami, K., Adachi, M. & Nishijima, T. (1997). Note: Direct enumeration of bacteria from macroalgae by epifluorescence microscopy as applied to the fleshy red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria spp. (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 33: 554-557, 4 figs.
Lechat, H., Amat, M., Mazoyer, J., Buléon, A. & Lahaye, M. (2000). Structure and distribution of glucomannan and sulfated glucan in the cell walls of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 36: 891-902.
Montolalu, R.I., Tashiro, UY., Matsukawa, S. & Ogawa, H, (2009). Effects of extraction parameters on gel properties of carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 19: 71-76, 3 figs, 2 tables.
Ohno, M., Huynh, Q.N. & Hirase, S. (1995). On the gowth of cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii in Viet Nam. Japanese Journal of Phycology 43: 19-22.
Paula, E.J., Pereira, R.T.L. & Ostini, S. (1996). Experimental culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty from the Philippines in São Paulo Littoral. Soc. Ficol. Amer. Lat. Caribe, Soc. Bras. Ficol., Caxambu : 162.
Reddy, C.R.K., Kumar, G.R.K., Siddhanta, A.K., Tewari, A. & Eswaran, K. (2003). In vitro somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of somatic embryos from pigmented callus of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Journal of Phycology 39: 610-616.
Rui, L., Jiajun, L. & Chaoyuan, W. (1990). Effect of ammonium on growth and carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Hydrobiologia 204/205: 499-503.
Rui, L., Jiajun, L. & Chaoyuan, W. (1990). Effect of ammonium on growth and carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 13: 499-503.
Schubert, H., Gerbersdorf, S., Titlyanov, E., T., Titlyanova, T., Granbom, C.P. & Lüning, K. (2004). Circadian rhythm of photosynthesis in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta): independence of the cell cycle and possible photosynthetic clock targets. European Journal of Phycology 39: 423-430.
Vairappan, C.S. (2007). Seasonal occurrences of epiplytic algae on the commercially cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 18: 385-391.
Zablackis, E., Vreeland, V., Doboszewski, B. & Laetsch, W.M. (1991). Differential localization of carrageenan gelling sequences in Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalang (Rhodophyta) with FITC-conjugated carrageenan oligosaccharides. Journal of Phycology 27: 241-248.