Ulva lactuca Linnaeus

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Viridaeplantae
Phylum Chlorophyta
Class Ulvophyceae
Order Ulvales
Family Ulvaceae
Genus Ulva

Pictures:

click on thumbnail for larger version.

Great Bay Estuary, NH; bloom of Sea Lettuce; some Gracilaria tikvahiae intermixed in the foreground. 01 Nov 2008. Jeremy Nettleton.

Jambiani, Zanzibar; upper part of lagoon. 10 Apr 2005. M.D. Guiry.

Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. John Huisman. From Huisman, J.M. (2000). Marine Plants of Australia. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, Western Australia..

Tanzania. Katrin Österlund. From Oliveira, E., Österlund, K. & Mtolera, M.S.P. (2005). Marine Plants of Tanzania. A field guide to the seaweeds and seagrasses. pp. 267, Numerous coloured illustrations and line drawings. Stockholm: Botany Department, Stockholm University.

Tanzania; transversection of thallus. Eurico Oliveira. From Oliveira, E., Österlund, K. & Mtolera, M.S.P. (2005). Marine Plants of Tanzania. A field guide to the seaweeds and seagrasses. pp. 267, Numerous coloured illustrations and line drawings. Stockholm: Botany Department, Stockholm University.

Seppings Island, Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada.. Colin Bates.

Dixon Island, Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada.. Colin Bates.

From Coppejans, E., Leliaert, F., Dargent, O., Gunasekara, R., & De Clerck, O. (2009). Sri Lankan Seaweeds Methodologies and field guide to the dominant species. Vol. 6 pp. 1-265.: ABC Taxa..

Publication details
Ulva lactuca Linnaeus 1753: 1163

Original publication: Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 2 pp. [i], 561-1200, [1-30, index], [i, err.]. Holmiae [Stockholm]: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
Download PDF

Original description: Download PDF

Type species
This is the type species (holotype) of the genus Ulva.

Status of name
This is regarded as a current name.

Origin of species name
Adjective (Latin), lettuce (Lewis & Short 1890).

Synonym(s)
Ulva lactucaefolia S.F. Gray 1821
Ulva fenestrata Postels & Ruprecht 1840
Ulva stipitata J.E. Areschoug 1850
Ulva crassa Kjellman 1877

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Common names

(as Ulva lactuca Linnaeus)
English: Sea Lettuce (Dickinson 1963).

Common names used in commerce, often for edible algae
green laver {Eng}; sea lettuce {Eng}; meerlattich {Ger}; laitue de mer {Fr}; "laver, green"; "laver, lettuce"; "lettuce, sea"

Type information
Type locality: "in Oceano" [Atlantic Ocean] (Linnaeus 1753: 1163). Lectotype: LINN 1275.24 Notes: According to Womersley (1984: 141) the type is from the west coast of Sweden. The type is marked "5" and agrees well with Linnaeus's description, and the number five is assigned to Ulva lactuca in Species plantarum (Papenfuss 1960).

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Ulva lactuca Linnaeus)
Arctic: Canada (Arctic) (Taylor 1957, Lee 1980).

Ireland: Antrim (Adams 1907, Guiry 1978, McMillan & Morton 1979, Morton 1994), Clare (Pybus 1977, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Loughnane et al. 2008), Cork (Renouf 1931, Cullinane 1971, Cullinane, McCarthy & Fletcher 1975, Guiry 1978, Loughnane et al. 2008), Derry (Morton 1994), Donegal (Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1974, Guiry 1978, Morton & Chamberlain 1985, Morton 1994), Dublin (Anonymous 1818, Guiry 1978, Loughnane et al. 2008), Galway (Guiry 1978, Ottway & Mac Donnacha 1980), Kerry (Guiry 1978, Whelan & Cullinane 1985), Leitrim (Cullinane 1970, Guiry 1978), Limerick (Cullinane 1969, Guiry 1978), Louth (Synnott 1969, Guiry 1978), Mayo (Cotton 1912, Guiry 1978), Sligo (Cullinane 1970), Waterford (Guiry 1977, Guiry 1978), Wexford (Tighe 1803, Cotton 1913, Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970, Guiry 1978).

Europe: Adriatic (Munda 1979, Ercegovic 1980), Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Britain (Burrows 1991, Hardy & Guiry 2003, Brodie et al. 2007, Loughnane et al. 2008), Corsica (Gallardo et al. 1993), Denmark (Larsen & Sand-Jensen 2006), Faroes (Irvine 1982, Nielsen & Gunnarsson 2001), France (Feldmann 1937, Feldmann 1954, Coppejans 1972, Dubois 1972, Ben Maiz, Boudouresque, Lauret & Riouall 1988, Gallardo et al. 1993, Coppejans 1995, Verlaque 2001, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007), Germany (Hünken et al 2005), Greece (Diannelidis 1953, Gerloff & Geissler 1974, Haritonidis & Tsekos 1976, Tsekos & Haritonidis 1977, Athanasiadis 1987, Gallardo et al. 1993), Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000), Iceland (Caram & Jónsson 1972), Ireland (Adams 1907, Cotton 1912, Cotton 1913, Cullinane 1969, Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1977, Pybus 1977, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Whelan & Cullinane 1985, Burrows 1991, Morton 1994, Hayden & Waaland 2004), Netherlands (Stegenga & Mol 1983, Stegenga, Kaaremans & Simons 2007), Portugal (Ardré 1970, Araujo et al. 2009, Araújo, Bárbara & Sousa-Pinto in press), Romania (Caraus 2002), Spain (Miranda 1931, Miranda 1934, Seoane-Camba 1965, Gallardo et al. 1985, Flores-Moya et al. 1995), Spitsbergen (Vinogradova 1995), Sweden (Kylin 1949, Tolstoy & Österlund 2003), Turkey (Europe) (Güven & Öztig 1971, Güner, Aysel, Sukatar & Öztürk 1985, Gallardo et al. 1993, Taskin et al. 2008).

Atlantic Islands: Ascension (John et al. 2004), Azores (Neto 1994, Tittley & Neto 1994), Bermuda (Taylor 1957, Taylor 1960), Cape Verde Islands (John et al. 2004, Prud'homme van Reine, Haroun & Kostermans 2005), Gough Island (Chamberlain 1965), Madeira (Neto, Cravo & Haroun 2001, John et al. 2004), Salvage Islands (Audiffred & Weisscher 1984, John et al. 2004), St Helena (John et al. 2004), Tristan da Cunha (Baardseth 1941).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977, Hayden & Waaland 2004), British Columbia (Hayden & Waaland 2004), California (Abbott & Hollenberg 1976, Hayden & Waaland 2004), Connecticut (Van Patten 2006), Florida (Taylor 1957, Taylor 1960, Dawes 1974, Littler, Littler & Hanisak 2008), Gulf of California (Setchell & Gardner 1924, Dawson 1944), Maine (Mathieson et al. 2001), Mississippi (Taylor 1960), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Mathieson & Dawes 2002), Newfoundland (Taylor 1957), Oregon (Hayden & Waaland 2004), Quebec (Taylor 1957), Texas (Taylor 1960, Wynne 2009), Washington (Hayden & Waaland 2004).

Central America: Costa Rica (Taylor 1945, Taylor 1960), Islas Revillagigedo (Setchell & Gardner 1930, Taylor 1945), México (Pacific) (Pedroche et al. 2005), Panama (Taylor 1960).

Caribbean Islands: Alabama (Taylor 1960), Bahamas (Taylor 1960), Barbados (Taylor 1960, Taylor 1969), Caicos Islands (Taylor 1960), Caribbean (Taylor 1957, Littler & Littler 2000), Cuba (Taylor 1960, Cabrera, Moreira & Suárez 2004, Suárez 2005), Hispaniola (Taylor 1960), Jamaica (Taylor 1960), Lesser Antilles (Taylor 1960, Taylor 1969), Puerto Rico (Taylor 1960), Trinidad (Taylor 1960, Richardson 1975), Trinidad & Tobago (Duncan & Lee Lum 2006).

South America: Argentina (Boraso de Zaixso 2004), Brazil (Taylor 1930, Taylor 1960, Joly 1965, Lourenço et al 2005, Castelar et al. 2009), Chile (Chapman & Chapman 1980, Santelices 1989, Ramírez & Santelices 1991, Hoffmann & Santelices 1997, Leonardi et al 2006), Colombia (Taylor 1960), Ecuador (Taylor 1945), Galápagos Islands (Taylor 1945), Peru (Ramírez & Santelices 1991, Aldon Coca, Juscamaita Morales & Gil Kodaka 2008), Uruguay (Coll & Oliveira 1999), Venezuela (Taylor 1960, Ganesan 1990).

Indian Ocean Islands: Amsterdam Island (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Andaman Islands (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Christmas Island (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Laccadive Islands (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Maldives (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Nicobar Islands (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Réunion (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Rodrigues Island (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Seychelles (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996).

Asia: China (Tseng 1984, Zou et al. 2007), Japan (Yoshida 1998), Korea (Lee & Kang 2001, Lee 2008), Taiwan (Huang 2000, Lee et al 2005).

South-east Asia: Indonesia (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Malaysia (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Philippines (Silva, Meñez & Moe 1987), Singapore (Teo & Wee 1983, Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Vietnam (Pham-Hoàng 1969, Abbott, Fisher & McDermid 2002, Tsutsui et al. 2005).

Australia and New Zealand: Lord Howe Island (Lewis 1987, Kraft 2000, Kraft 2007), New Zealand (Chapman 1956, Adams 1994, Adams 1997), Norfolk Island (Lewis 1987), Queensland (Phillips 1997, Phillips 2002), South Australia (Womersley 1984), Victoria (Womersley 1984).

Pacific Islands: Easter Island (Børgesen 1924, Santelices & Abbott 1987), Federated States of Micronesia (Lobban & Tsuda 2003), Fiji (N'Yeurt, South & Keats 1996, South & Skelton 2003), French Polynesia (Payri, N'Yeurt & Orempuller 2000).

Antarctic and the subantarctic islands: South Shetland Islands (Wiencke & Clayton 2002).

(as Ulva fenestrata Postels & Ruprecht)
Europe: Turkey (Europe) (Taskin et al. 2008).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977, Scagel et al. 1989), British Columbia (Scagel et al. 1989), California (Scagel et al. 1989), Oregon (Hansen 1997), Washington (Scagel et al. 1989, Nelson, Nelson & Tjoelker 2003, Van Alstyne, Pelletreau & Rosario 2003, Van Alstyne, Pelletreau & Rosario 2003).

Africa: Somalia (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996).

South-west Asia: India (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996, Sahoo et al. 2001), Pakistan (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Sri Lanka (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Turkey (Asia) (Taskin et al. 2008).

Asia: Commander Islands (Selivanova & Zhigadlova 1997), Japan (Yoshida, Nakajima & Nakata 1990, Yoshida 1998), Kamchatka (Selivanova & Zhigadlova 2009), Russia (Khotimchenko & Yakovleva 2004).

South-east Asia: Singapore (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996).

Key references
Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, 266 pls. Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Brodie, J., Maggs, C.A. & John, D.M. (2007). Green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. pp. [i-v], vi-xii, 1-242, 101 figs. London: British Phycological Society.

Burrows, E.M. (1991). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2. Chlorophyta. pp. xi + 238, 60 figs, 9 plates. London: Natural History Museum Publications.

Dawes, C.J. & Mathieson, A.C. (2008). The seaweeds of Florida. pp. [i]- viii, [1]-591, [592], pls I-LI. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.

Hayden, H.S. & Waaland, J.R. (2004). A molecular systematic study of Ulva (Ulvaceae, Ulvales) from the northeast Pacific. Phycologia 43: 364-382.

Kraft, G.T. (2007). Algae of Australia. Marine benthic algae of Lord Howe Island and the southern Great Barrier Reef, 1. Green algae. pp. [i-iv], v-vi, 1-347, 110 text-figs; 11 pls. Canberra & Melbourne: Australian Biological Resources Study & CSIRO Publishing.

Loughnane, C.J., McIvor, L.M., Rindi, F., Stengel, D.B. & Guiry, M.D. (2008). Morphology, rbcL phylogeny and distribution of distromatic Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) in Ireland and southern Britain. Phycologia 47: 416-429.

Scagel, R.F. (1957). An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). Bulletin, National Museum of Canada 150: vi + 289.

Zemke-White, W.L. & Ohno, M. (1999). World seaweed utilisation: an end-of-century summary. Journal of Applied Phycology 11: 369-376.

UTEX Cultures
UTEX Culture LB 1857 Ulva lactuca
Go to UTEX Site

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 52 samples identified as Ulva lactuca.

KU-MACC Cultures
Strain Number: KU-1603, Ulva lactuca
Go to KU-MACC Site

Created: 31 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 22 August 2009 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 21630 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Aldon Coca, D., Juscamaita Morales, J. & Gil Kodaka, P. (2008). Aprovechamiento de la macroalga Ulva lactuca en la producción de bioabono líquido a través del porceso de ensilaje. ALGAS. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Ficología 39: 13 - 15.
Anderson, R. J., Monteiro, P. M. S. & Levitt, G. J. (1996). The effect of localised eutrophication on competition between Ulva lactuca (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) and a commercial resource of Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariacea, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 15: 291-296.
Bekheet, I. A., Kandil, K. M. & Shaban, N. Z. (1984). Studies on urease extracted from Ulva lactuca. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 580-583.
Bonneau, E.R. (1977). Polymorphic behavior of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in axenic culture. I. Occurrence of Enteromorpha-like plants in haploid clones. Journal of Phycology 13: 133-140.
Chandler, M.T. & Vidaver, W.E. (1970). Photosynthetic oxygen induction transients in the alga Ulva lactuca L.. Phycologia 9: 133-142, 5 figs.
Cohen, I. & Neori, A. (1991). Ulva lactuca biofilters for marine fishpond effluents. 1. Ammonia uptake kinetics and nitrogen content. Botanica Marina 34: 475-482.
DeBusk, T.A., Blakeslee, M. & Ryther, J.H. (1986). Studies on outdoor cultivation of Ulva lactuca L.. Botanica Marina 29: 381-386.
Dizerbo, A.H. & Gilly, R. (1970). Un Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophycees, Ulvaceae) de l'atoll de Clipperton (Pacifique nord). Revue Algologique, Nouvelle Serie 1: 90-91.
Enright, C.T. (1979). Competitive interaction between Chondrus crispus (Florideophyceae) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyceae) in Chondrus aquaculture. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 9: 209-218.
Fredersdorf, J. & Bischof, K. (2007). Irradiance of photosynthetically active radiation determines ultraviolet-susceptibility of photosynthesis in Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyta)(Research note). Phycological Research 55(4): 295-301.
Föyn, B. (1955). Specific differences between northern and southern European populations of the green alga Ulva lactuca L.. Publ. Staz. Zool., Napoli 26: 261-270.
Gemmill, E.R. & Galloway, R.A. (1974). Photoassimilation of ¹⁴C-acetate by Ulva lactuca. Journal of Phycology 10: 359-366, 8 figs, 2 tables.
Giannotti, A.L. & McGlathery, K.J. (2001). Consumption of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) by the omnivorous mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). Journal of Phycology 37: 209-215.
Haq, Q.N. & Percival, E. (1966). Structural studies on the water-soluble polysaccharide from the green seaweed Ulva lactuca Part IV. Smith degradation. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 5: 261-269.
Harlin, M.M., Thorne-Miller, B. & Thursby, G.B. (1978). Ammonium uptake by Gracilaria sp. (Florideophyceae) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyceae) in closed system fish culture. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 9: 285-292.
Hawes, I. & Smith, R. (1995). Effect of current velocity on the detachment of thalli of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a New Zealand estuary. Journal of Phycology 31: 875-880, 7 figs.
Haxo, F.T. & Clendenning, K.A. (1953). Photosynthesis and phototaxis in Ulva lactuca gametes. Biol. Bull. 105: 103-114.
Huang, X., Weber, J.C., Hinson, T.K., Mathieson, A.C. & Minocha, S.C. (1996). Transient expression of the GUS reporter gene in the protoplasts and partially digested cells of Ulva lactuca L.(Chlorophyta). Botanica Marina 39: 467-474.
Israel, A.A., Friedlander, M. & Neori, A. (1995). Biomass yield, photosynthesis and morphological expression of Ulva lactuca. Botanica Marina 38: 297-302, 9 figs, 1 table.
Koch, E. W. (1993). The effect of water flow on photosynthetic processes of the alga Ulva lactuca L.. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 457-462.
Kylin, A. (1943). The influence of trace elements on the growth of Ulva lactuca. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund. Förhanlingar 13: 108.
Kylin, A. (1945). The nitrogen sources and the influence of manganese on the nitrogen assimilation of Ulva lactuca. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund. Förhanlingar 15: 1-9.
Kylin, A. (1946). The influence of some cations on Ulva lactuca, and a note on its nitrogen sources. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund. Förhanlingar 16: 1-8.
Kylin, H. (1943). Über die ernährung von Ulva lactuca. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund. Förhanlingar 13: 1-15.
Kylin, H. (1945). Weitere angaben über die ernährung von Ulva lactuca. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund. Förhanlingar 15: 1-5.
Kylin, H. (1946). Über den Zuwachs der Keimlinge von Ulva lactuca in verschiedenen Nährflüssigheiten. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund. Förhanlingar 16: 1-5.
Kylin, H. (1947). Über die Lebensdauer der Zygoten von Ulva lactuca. Kungl Fysiografiska Sällakapets i Lund Förhandlingar 17: 1-4.
Lahaye, M. & Jegou, D. (1993). Chemical and physical-chemical characteristics of dietary fibres from Ulva lactuca (L.) Thuret and Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev.. Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 195-200.
Lee, T.-M., Tsai, P.-F., Shyu, Y.-T. and Sheu, F. (2005). The effects of phosphite on phosphate starvation responses of Ulva lactuca (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 41: 975-982.
Levring, T. (1955). Some remarks on the structure of the gametes and the reproduction of Ulva lactuca. Botaniska Notiser 108(1): 40-45.
Markager, S. & Sand-Jensen, K. (1990). Heterotrophic growth of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyceae). Journal of Phycology 26: 670-673.
Medcalf, D.G., Lionel, T., Brannon, J.H. & Scott, J.R. (1975). Seasonal variation in the mucilaginous polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca. Botanica Marina 18: 67-70.
Melkonian, M. (1979). Structure and significance of cruciate flagellar root systems in green algae: zoospores of Ulva lactuca (Ulvales, Chlorophyceae). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 32: 425-435.
Melkonian, M. (1980). Flagellar apparatus, mating structure and gametic fusion in Ulva lactuca (Ulvales, Chlorophyceae). British Phycological Journal 15: 196.
Micalef, H. & Gayral, P. (1972). Quelques aspects de l'infrastructure des cellules végétatives et des cellules reproductrices d'Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophycée). Journal de Microscope 13: 417-428.
Micalef, H. (1970). Remarques préliminaires sur l'ultrastructure d'Ulva lactuca. Soc Phycol de France Bull No 15: 82.
Micalef, H. (1972). Mise en évidence de phosphatase acide dans l'appareil de Golgi des cellules végétatives d'Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophycées, Ulvales). Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Séances de lAcadémie des Sciences. Paris. Série D 275: 2481-2484.
Micalef, H. (1973). Exposé critique de résultats obtenus en microscopie électronique sur la cellule de l'Ulva lactuca L.. Soc Phycol de France Bull No 18: 58-64.
Micalef, H. (1980). L'organisation golgienne, vacuolaire et pariétale chez l'algue verte Ulva lactuca L. Caractérs de son eevolution au cours du cycle de reproduction. 105 Congrés national des Sociétés savantes, Caen 3: 249-260.
Murthy, M.S. & Sharma, C.L.N.S. (1989). Peroxidase activity in Ulva lactuca under dessication. Botanica Marina 32: 511-513.
Murthy, M.S., Rao, Y.N. & Faldu, P.J. (1988). Invertase and total amylase activities in Ulva lactuca from diffrent tidal levels, under desiccation. Botanica Marina 31: 53-56.
Neori, A., Cohen, I. & Gordin, H. (1991). Ulva lactuca biofilter for marine fish pond effluents. 2. Growth rate, yield and C/N ratio. Botanica Marina 34: 483-489.
Niesenbaum, R.A. (1988). The ecology of sporulation by the macroalga Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyceae). Aquatic Botany 32: 155-166.
Pacheco-Ruíz, I., Zertuche-González, J.A., Chee-Barragán, A. & Arroyo-Ortega, E. (2002). Biomass and potential commercial utilization of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta, Ulvaceae) beds along the north-west coast of the Gulf of California (Research note). Phycologia 41: 199-201.
Pedersen, M.F. (1994). Transient ammonium uptake in the macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta): nature, regulation, and the consequences for choice of measuring technique. Journal of Phycology 30: 980-986, 5 figs, 3 tables.
Percival, E. (1964). Polysaccharides of the green seaweeds, Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha compressa. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 4: 360-365.
Provasoli, L. & Pintner, I.J. (1980). Bacteria induced polymorphism in an axenic laboratory strain of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyceae). Journal of Phycology 16: 196-201.
Provasoli, L. & Pinter, I. J. (1981). Bacteria-reduced polymorphism in an axenic laboratory strain of Ulva lactuca. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 8: 231.
Provasoli, L. (1958). Effect of plant hormones on Ulva lactuca. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 3: 22-23.
Rivers, J.S. & Peckol, P. (1995). Summer decline of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a eutrophic embayment: interactive effects of temperature and nitrogen availability?. Journal of Phycology 31: 223-228, 6 figs, 1 table.
Ross, C. & Van Alstyne, K.L. (2007). Intraspecific variation in stress-induced hydrogen peroxide scavenging by the ulvoid macroalga Ulva lactuca. Journal of Phycology 43(3): 466-474, 8 figs, 1 table.
Sampaio, A.H., Rogers, D.J. & Barwell, C.J. (1998). Isolation and characterisation of the Lectin from the green marine alga Ulva lactuca L.. Botanica Marina 41: 427-433.
Steffensen, D.A. (1976). The effect of nutrient enrichment and temperature on the growth in culture of Ulva lactuca L.. Aquatic Botany 2: 337-351.
Suneson, S. (1943). Weitere Untersuchungen über wachtstumsfördernde Wirkung von Algenextrakten auf Ulva lactuca. Physiographiska Sällskapets Handlingar 13(20): 1-9.
Svirski, E., Beer, S. & Friedlander, M. (1993). Gracilaria conferta and its epiphytes: (2) Interrelationship between the red seaweed and Ulva cf. lactuca. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 391-396.
Thuret, G. (1854). Note sur la synonymie des Ulva lactuca et latissima, L., suivie de quelques remarques sur la tribu des Ulvacées. Mémoires de la Société Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 2: 17-32.
Tocher, C.S., Ackman, R.G. & McLachlan, J. (1966). The identification of dimethyl-B-propiothetin in the algae Syracosphaera carterae and Ulva lactuca. Can. J. Biochem. 44: 519-522.
Vermaat, J.E. & Sand-Jensen, K. (1987). Survival, metabolism and growth of Ulva lactuca under winter conditions: a laboratory study of bottlenecks in the life cycle. Marine Biology, Berlin 95: 55-61.
Webster, E.A. & Gadd, G.M. (1991). Cadmium uncouples respiration of Ulva lactuca. British Phycological Journal 26: 98.
Webster, E.A. & Gadd, G.M. (1992). The effect of heavy metals on the ionic composition of Ulva lactuca. British Phycological Journal 27: 102.
Zou, D., Gao, K. & Ruan, Z. (2007). Daily timing of emersion and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration affect photosynthetic performance of the intertidal macroalga Ulva Lactuca (Chlorophyta) in sunlight. Botanica Marina 50: 275-279.
Zou, D., Gao, K., Xia, J., Xu, Z., Zhang, X. & Liu, S. (2007). Responses of dark respiration in the light to desiccation and temperature in the intertidal macroalga, Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) during emersion. Phycologia 46(4): 363-370, 4 figs, 1 table.