Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Chromista
Subkingdom Chromobiota
Infrakingdom Heterokonta
Phylum Heterokontophyta
Class Phaeophyceae
Order Laminariales
Family Laminariaceae
Genus Macrocystis

Pictures:

click on thumbnail for larger version.

kelp-cutting vessel "Ocean Harvest" off the coast of Santa Barbara, California; http://www.marinebiophotography.com. 20 May 2009. Robert Perry.

Karaka Bay, Wellington, New Zealand. 09 Oct 2008. Erasmo Macaya Horta.

Karaka Bay, Wellington, New Zealand. 05 Jan 2008. Erasmo Macaya.

1 2 3 Next

25 Found - Displaying 1 through 10

Publication details
Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh 1820: 47

Original publication: Agardh, C.A. (1820 ['1821']). Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis. Volumen primum. Pars prima. pp. [i-iv], [1]-168. Gryphiswaldiae [Griefswald]: sumptibus Ernesti Mauritii.
Download PDF

Type species
This is the type species (holotype) of the genus Macrocystis.

Status of name
This is regarded as a current name.

Basionym
Fucus pyrifer Linnaeus

Type information
Type locality: ‘in oceano AEthiopico’ (South Atlantic Ocean) (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996: 641). Type: LINN 1274.59? (Womersley 1987: 328). Notes: In LINN, 1274.59? (see Womersley (1954a: 111)).

Synonym(s)
Fucus pyrifer Linnaeus 1771
Macrocystis pyrifera var. humboldtii Bonpland 1808
Laminaria pyrifera (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 1813
Macrocystis humboldtii (Bonpland) C. Agardh 1822
Macrocystis communis Bory de Saint-Vincent 1826
Macrocystis latifolius Bory de Saint-Vincent 1826
Fucus giganteus Gaudichaud 1826
Macrocystis planicaulis C. Agardh 1839
Macrocystis orbigniana Montagne 1839
Macrocystis tenuifolia Postels & Ruprecht 1840
Macrocystis pyrifera var. luxurians J.D. Hooker & Harvey 1847
Macrocystis luxurians (J.D. Hooker & Harvey) J. Agardh 1848
Macrocystis pelagica Areschoug 1848

General environment
This is a marine species.

Common names

(as Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh)
English: Bladder kelp (Adams 1997), Butterfish kelp (Adams 1997).

Common names used in commerce, often for edible algae
iodine kelp {Eng}; varech porte-poire {Fr}; "kelp, giant"; "kelp, iodine"

Usage notes
At the height of production 140,000 tonnes were harvested each year from the state-owned kelp beds off the southern California shores (Abbott & Hollenberg, 1976). Plants reach 45 meters long and grow in waters 6-20 (-80) m deep, and grow at up to 30 cm per day. In 2005, US alginate firm ISP shut down activities at its San Diego plant, shifting production to Girvan in Scotland. After 76 years in operation, the San Diego plant represented the USA's largest kelp harvesting facility, but operating costs eventually forced closure. Kelp continues to be mechanically harvested off the coast of southern California for feed for abalone aquaculture.

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh)
Atlantic Islands: Gough Island (Chamberlain 1965), Tristan da Cunha (Baardseth 1941).

North America: Baja California (Taylor 1945), California (Abbott & Hollenberg 1976, Stewart 1991, Hernandez-Carmona et al 2006, Cho et al. 2006), Mexico (Ladah & Zertuche-Gonzalez 2004, Schubert et al. 2006, Colombo-Pallotta et al 2006).

Central America: Islas Revillagigedo (Taylor 1945).

South America: Chile (Santelices 1989, Ramírez & Santelices 1991, Hoffmann & Santelices 1997, Buschmann et al 2005), Falkland Islands (van Tussenbroek 1993), Peru (Ramírez & Santelices 1991), Uruguay (Coll & Oliveira 1999).

Indian Ocean Islands: Amsterdam Island (Wynne & Scott 1989, Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Indian Ocean (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), St. Paul Island (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996).

Australia and New Zealand: New Zealand (Chapman & Chapman 1980, Adams 1994, Adams 1997), Tasmania (Womersley 1987).

Antarctic and the subantarctic islands: Antarctica (Papenfuss 1964), Macquarie Island (Ricker 1987).

(as Macrocystis planicaulis C. Agardh)
Atlantic Islands: Canary Islands (Price, John & Lawson 1978).

Key references
Adams, N.M. (1997). Common seaweeds of New Zealand. pp. [1]-48, 48 pls. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.

Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, 266 pls. Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Lewis, R.J. & Neushul, M. (1995). Intergeneric hybridization among five genera of the family Lessoniaceae (Phaeophyceae) and evidence for polyploidy in a fertile Pelagophycus xMacrocystis hybrid. Journal of Phycology 31: 1012-1017, 2 figs, 1 table.

McHugh, D.J. (2003). A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 441: x + 105, 64 figs.

Pedroche, P.F., Silva, P.C., Aguilar Rosas, L.E., Dreckmann, K.M. & Aguilar Rosas, R. (2008). Catálogo de las algas benthónicas del Pacífico de México II. Phaeophycota. pp. [i-viii], i-vi, 15-146. Mexicali & Berkeley: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana and University of California Berkeley.

Smith, G.M. (1944). Marine algae of the Monterey Peninsula. pp. ix, 622, 98 pls. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Womersley, H.B.S. (1987). The marine benthic flora of southern Australia. Part II. pp. 481, 169 figs, 1 table, 8 plates, 4 maps. Adelaide: South Australian Government Printing Division.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 104 samples identified as Macrocystis pyrifera.

Created: 24 March 1998 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 12 March 2009 by M.D. Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 19802 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Alveal, K., Romo, H. & Avila, M. (1982). Estudio del ciclo de vida de Macrocystis pyrifera de Isla Navarino, Chile. Gay. Bot. 39: 1-12.
Amsler, C.D. & Neushul, M. (1989). Chemotactic effect of nutrients onspores of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 557-564.
Amsler, C.D. & Neushul, M. (1990). Nutrient stimulation of spore settlement in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis pyrifera. Marine Biology, Berlin 107(2): 297-304.
Amsler, C.D. & Neushul, M. (1991). Photosynthetic physiology and chemical composition of spores of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera, Nereocystis leutkeana, Laminaria farlowii, and Pterygophora californica (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 27: 26-34.
Anderson, B.S., Hunt, J.W., Turpen, S.L., Coulon, A.R. & Martin, M. (1990). Copper toxicity to microscopic stages of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera - interpopulation comparisons and temporal variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 68(1-2): 147-156.
Anderson, L. M. (1984). Iron reduction by juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 493-497.
Arnold, K.E. & Manley, S.L. (1985). Carbon allocation in Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta): intrinsic variability in photosynthesis and respiration. Journal of Phycology 21: 154-167, 13 figs, 2 tables.
Asensi, A., Beucher, M. & Delepine, R. (1981). Etude sur la croissance et le developpement de Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. aux iles Kerguelen. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 8: 278-289.
Barrales, H. (1976). Relevamiento de Macrocystis pyrifera y normas para su explotación. Inf. Téc. CNP 1.3.1: 74.
Barrales, H.L. & Lobban, C.S. (1975). The comparative ecology of Macrocystis pyrifera, with emphasis on the forests of Chubut, Argentina. Journal of Ecology 63: 657-677.
Boraso de Zaixso, A.L. & Paternoster, I. (1980). Observaciones preliminares sobre la reproducción de Macrocystis pyrifera en la costa Argentina. Contribución CNP 30: 9.
Boraso de Zaixso, A.L., Zaixso, H. & Taylor, R. (1982). Cortes experimentales en bosques de Macrocystis pyrifera en Bahía Camarones (prov. de Chubut, Rep. Argentina). Contribución CNP 67: 22.
Boraso, A.L. & Taylor, R. (1980). Dinámica de los bosques de Macrocystis pyrifera en Bahía Camarones (Chubut). Resultado de las campañas I y II (8/77-5/78 y 7/78-4/79). Contribución CENPAT 24: 16.
Brown, M.T., Nyman, M.A., Keogh, J.A. & Chin, N.K.M. (1997). Seasonal growth of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in New Zealand. Marine Biology, Berlin 129: 417-424.
Brzezinski, M.A., Reed, D.C. & Amsler, C.D. (1993). Neutral lipids as major storage products in zoospores of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 29: 16 -23, 5 figs, 1 table.
Buggeln, R.G., Fensom, D.S. & Emerson, C.J. (1985). Translocation of ¹¹C-photoassimilate in the blade of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 21: 35-40.
Buschmann, A.H., Moreno, C., Vasquez, J.A. & Hernandez-Gonzalez, M.C. (2007). Reproduction strategies of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) in Southern Chile: The importance of population dynamics. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 18: 349-356.
Butler, A., Soedjak, H.S., Polnefuller, M., Gibor, A., Boyen, C. & Kloareg, B. (1990). Studies of Vanadium-bromoperoxidase using surface and cortical protoplasts of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 26: 589-592.
Candia, A., Romo, H., Alveal, K. & Dellarossa, V. (1979). Cultivo unialgal de Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. de la Bahía de Concepción-Chile. Rickia 8: 75-83.
Chirife, J. & Gardner, R. G. (1969). Características de secado de algas de la especie: Macrocystis pyrifera. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 671-684.
Clendennen, S.K., Zimmerman, R.C., Powers, D.A. & Alberte, R.S. (1996). Photosynthetic response of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) to ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Phycology 32: 614-620, 3 figs, 2 tables.
Clendenning, K. A. (1964). Photosynthesis and growth in Macrocystis pyrifera. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 4: 55-65.
Clendenning, K.A. (1962). Determination of fresh weight, solids, ash and equilibrium moisture in Macrocystis pyrifera. Botanica Marina 3-4: 204-218.
Colombo-Pallotta, M.F., Garcia-Mendoza, E. & Ladah, L.B. (2006). Photosynthetic performance, light absorption, and pigment composition of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) blades from different depths. Journal of Phycology 42: 1225-1234.
Coyer, J.A., Robertson, D.L. & Alberte, R.S. (1994). Genetic variability within a population and between diploid/haploid tissue of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 30: 545-552, 1 fig, 3 tables.
Coyer, J.A., Robertson, D.L. & Alberte, R.S. (1995). Genetic variability and parentage in Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) using multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. Journal of Phycology 31: 819-823, 2 tables.
Coyer, J.A., Steller, D.L. & Alberte, R.S. (1995). Note: A field-compatible method for extraction of fingerprint-quality DNA from Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 31: 177-180, 2 figs, 1 table.
Cribb, A.B. (1954). Macrocystis pyrifera (L) Ag. in Tasmanian waters. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5: 1-34.
Davison, I.R. & Polne-Fuller, M. (1990). Note: Photosynthesis in protoplasts of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 26: 383-387, 3 figs.
Davison, I.R. & Polnefuller, M. (1990). Photosynthesis in Protoplasts of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 26: 384-387.
de Nys, R., Jameson, P.E. & Brown, M.T. (1991). The influence of cytokinins on the growth of Macrocystis pyrifera. Botanica Marina 34: 465-467.
de Nys, R., Jameson, P.E., Chin, N., Brown, M.T. & Sanderson, K.J. (1990). The cytokinins as endogenous growth regulators in Macrocystis pyrifera (I.) C. Ag. (Phaeophyceae). Botanica Marina 33: 467-475.
Dean, T.A. & Jacobsen, F.R. (1984). Growth of juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales) in relation to environmental factors. Marine Biology, Berlin 83: 301-311.
Delf, E.M. & Levyn, M. (née M. Michell) (1926). Reproduction in Macrocystis pyrifera, Ag.. An. Bot. 40: 503-506.
Devinny, J.S. & Volse, L.A. (1978). Effects of sediments on the development of Macrocystis pyrifera gametophytes. Marine Biology 48: 343-348.
Deysher, L.E. & Dean, T.A. (1984). Critical irradiance levels and the interactive effects of quantum irradiance and dose on gametogenesis in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Journal of Phycology 20: 520-524, 3 figs, 1 table.
Deysher, L.E. & Dean, T.A. (1986). Interactive effects of light and temperature on sporophyte production in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Marine Biology, Berlin 93: 17-20.
Dixon, J., Schroeter, S.C. & Kastendiek, J. (1981). Effects of the encrusting Bryozoan, Membranipora membranacea, on the loss of blades and fronds by the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales). Journal of Phycology 17: 341-345, 1 fig, 6 tables.
Dizerbo, A.-H. & Floc'h, J.-Y. (1974). L'algue geante Macrocystis pyrifera et le probleme de son introduction. Penn ar Bed 9(No 78): 407-415.
Druehl, L. D. (1984). Morphological and physiological responses of Macrocystis pyrifera in nitrate enrichment. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 471-474.
Druehl, L.D. (1984). Morphological and physiological responses of Macrocystis pyrifera to nitrate enrichment. Hydrobiologia 116/117: 471-474.
Eardley, D.D., Sutton, C.W., Hempel, W.M., Reed, D.C. & Ebeling, A.W. (1990). Monoclonal anitbodies specific for sulfated polysaccharides on the surface of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 26: 54-62, 8 figs, 1 table.
Edgar, G.J. (1987). Dispersal of faunal and floral propagules associated with drifting Macrocystis pyrifera plants. Marine Biology, Berlin 95: 599-610.
Eyras, M.C. & Boraso de Zaixso, A.L. (1994). Observaciones sobre la fertilidad de los esporofitos de Macrocystis pyrifera en la costa Argentina. Naturalia Patagónica 2: 33-47.
Fain, S.R. & Murray, S.N. (1982). Effects of light and temperature on net photosynthesis and dark respiration of gametophytes and embryonic sporophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera. Journal of Phycology 18: 92-98.
Fork, D.C., Herbert, S.K. & Malkin, S. (1991). Light energy distribution in the brown alga Macrocystis pyrifera (Giant Kelp). Plant Physiol 95(3): 731-739.
Foster, M.S. (1975). Algal succession in a Macrocystis pyrifera forest. Marine Biology, Berlin 32: 313-329.
Foster, M.S. (1975). Regulation of algal community development in a Macrocystis pyrifera forest. Marine Biology, Berlin 32: 331-342.
Gerard, V. A. & North, W. J. (1984). Measuring growth, production, and yield of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 321-324.
Gerard, V.A. & Kirkman, H. (1984). Ecological observations on a branched , loose-lying form of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agaradh in New Zeland. Botanica Marina 27: 105-109.
Gherardini, G. L. & North, W. J. (1972). Electron microscopic studies of Macrocystis pyrifera zoospores, gametophytes, and early sporophytes. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 7: 172-180.
Grenville, D.J., Petersen, R.L., Barrales, H.L. & Gerrath, J.F. (1982). Structure and development of the secretory cells and duct system in Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. A. Agardh. Journal of Phycology 18: 232-240.
Gutierrez, A., Correa, T., Munoz, V., Santibanez, A., Marcos, R., Caceres, C. & Buschmann, A.H. (2007). Farming of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in southern Chile for development of novel food products. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 18: 33-41.
Guzmán del Próo, S.A., de la Campa de Guzmán, S. & Granados, J.L. (1971). El sargazo gigante (Macrocystis pyrifera) y su explotación en Baja California. Rev. Soc. Mex. de Hist. Nat., México 32(12): 15-57.
Haines, K.C. & Wheeler, P.A. (1978). Ammonium and nitrate uptake by the marine macrophytes Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta) and Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 14: 319-324, 6 figs, 3 tables.
Hall, M.A. & Boraso de Zaixso, A.L. (1981). Ciclo de los bosques de Macrocystis pyrifera en Bahía Camarones, prov. de Chubut, Argentina. Ecosur 6(12): 165-184.
Hall, M.A. (1980). Evaluación de los recursos de Macrocystis pyrifera Costa de la Prov. de Chubut entre Pta. Lobos y Pta Gaviota. Contribución CENPAT 31: 5.
Hart, M. R., Fremery, D. d., Lyon, C. K. & Kohler, G. O. (1979). Processing of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) for fermentation to methane. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 9: 493-498.
Haxo, F. T. & Neushul, M. J. (1958). Studies on the growth of the giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 3: 17-18.
Hempel, W.M., Sutton, C.W., Kaska, D., Ord, D.C., Reed, D.C., Laur, D.R., Ebeling, A.W. & Eardley, D.D. (1989). Purification of species specific antibodies to carbohydrate components of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 25: 144-149, 5 figs.
Hernández-Carmona, G., García, O., Robledo, D. & Foster, M. (2000). Restoration techniques for Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) populations at the southern limit of their distribution in México. Botanica Marina 43: 273-284, 4 figs, 5 tables.
Hernandez-Carmona, G., Hughes, B. & Graham, M.H. (2006). Reproductive longevity of drifting kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) in Monterey Bay, USA. Journal of Phycology 42: 1199-1207.
Hernández-Carmona, G., Robledo, D. & Serviere-Zaragoza, E. (2001). Effect of nutrient availability on Macrocystis pyrifera recruitment and survival near Its southern limit off Baja California. Botanica Marina 44: 221-229.
Hernández-Carmona, G., Rodríguez-Montesinos, Y.E., Casas-Valdes, M.M., Vilchis, M.A. & Sánchez-Rodríguez, I. (1991). Evaluación de los mantos de Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) e Baja California, México. III Verano 1986 y su variación estacional. Cienc. mar. 17(4): 121-145.
Jackson, G.A. (1977). Nutrients and production of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, off southern California. Limnology and Oceanography 22: 979-995.
Jackson, G.A., James, D.E. & North, W.J. (1985). Morphological relationships among fronds of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera off La Jolla, California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 26: 261-270.
James, D.E., Stull, J.K. & Wheeler, J.N. (1990). Toxicity of sewage-contaminated sediment cores to Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) gametophytes determined by digital image analysis. Hydrobiologia 204/205: 483-489.
Kain, J.M. (1982). Morphology and growth of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in New Zealand and California. Marine Biology, Berlin 67: 143-157.
Kimura, R. S. & Foster, M. S. (1984). The effects of harvesting Macrocystis pyrifera on the algal assemblage in a giant kelp forest. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 425-428.
Kinlan, B.P., Graham, M.H., Sala, E. & Dayton, P.K. (2003). Arrested development of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera, Phaeophyceae) embryonic sporophytes: a mechanism for delayed recruitment in perennial kelps?. Journal of Phycology 39: 47-57.
Kopczak, C.D. (1994). Variability of nitrate uptake capacity in Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) with nitrate and light availability. Journal of Phycology 30: 573-580, 5 figs, 4 tables.
Kopczak, C.D., Zimmerman, R.C. & Kremer, J.N. (1991). Variation in nitrogen physiology and growth among geographically isolated populations of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 27: 149-158.
Kuwabara, J.S. & North, W.J. (1980). Culturing microscopic stages of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) in Aquil, a chemically defined medium. Journal of Phycology 16: 546-549, 3 tables.
Kuwabara, J.S. (1981). Gametophytic growth by Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) in response to various iron and zinc concentrations. Journal of Phycology 17: 417-419, 1 fig, 2 tables.
Kühnemann, O. (1970). Algunas consideraciones sobre los bosques de Macrocystis pyrifera. Physis 29(79): 273-296.
Ladah, L.B. & Zertuche-Gonzalez, J.A. (2004). Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) survival in deep water (25-40 m) during El Nino of 1997-1998 in Baja California, Mexico. Botanica Marina 47: 367-372.
Ladah, L.B., Zertuche-González, J.A. & Hernández-Carmona, G. (1999). Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera, Phaeophyceae) recruitment near its southern limit in Baja California after mass disappearance during ENSO 1997-1998. Journal of Phycology 35: 1106-1112.
Larripa, I. B., Murdy de Pargament, M., Labal de Vinuesa, M. & Mayer, A., M. S. (1987). Biological activity in Macrocystis pyrifera from Argentina: sodium alginate, fucoidan and laminaran. II. Genotoxicity. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 12: 491-496.
Manley, S. & North, W. (1981). Micronutrient uptake by juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag.. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10: 467-472.
Manley, S.L. & North, W.J. (1984). Phosphorus and the growth of juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) sporophytes. Journal of Phycology 20: 389-393.
Manley, S.L. (1983). Note: Composition of sieve tube sap from Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) with emphasis on the inorganic constituents. Journal of Phycology 19: 118-121, 1 table.
Manley, S.L. (1984). Micronutrient uptake and translocation by Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 20: 192-201, 6 figs, 6 tables.
Manley, S.L. (1985). Phosphate uptake by blades of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina 28: 237-244.
Mayer, A. M. S., Diaz, A., Pesce, A., Criscuolo, M., F., G. J. & de Lederkremer, R. M. (1987). Biological activity in Macrocystis pyrifera from Argentina: sodium alginate, fucoidan and laminaran. III. Antiviral activity. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 12: 497-500.
Mayer, A. M. S., Krotz, L., Bonfil, R. D., Bustuobad, O. D., Groisman, J. F., de Lederkremer, R. M. & Stierle, D. B. (1987). Biological activity in Macrocystis pyrifera from Argentina. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 12: 483-489.
McKee, J.W.A., Kavalieris, L., Brasch, D.J., Brown, M.T. & Melton, L.D. (1992). Alginate content and composition of Macrocystis pyrifera from New Zealand. Journal of Applied Phycology 4: 357-369.
North, W. J. (1958). Quantitative measurements of importance for ecological evaluations in beds of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera : Aerial estimation , stipe index, stipes per plant and loss index. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 3: 37.
North, W. J. (1964). Experimental transplantation of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 4: 248-255.
Nyman, M. A., Brown, M. T., Neushul, M., Harger, B. W. W. & Keogh, J. A. (1993). Mass distribution in the fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera from New Zealand and California. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 57-65.
Nyman, M.A., Brown, M.T., Neushul, M., Harger, B.W.W. & Keogh, J.A. (1993). Mass distribution in the fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera from New Zealand and California. Hydrobiologia 260/261: 57-65.
Papenfuss, G.F. (1942). Studies of South African Phaeophyceae. I. Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida, Macrocystis pyrifera. American Journal of Botany 29: 15-24.
Pertini, F., Taylor, R., Boraso, A.L. & Dominguez, P. (1980). Evaluación de los recursos de Macrocystis pyrifera. II. Costa de la provincia de Chubut entre Pta. Gaviota y Pta. Marquez. Contribución CENPAT 51: 25.
Reed, D.C. (1987). Factors affecting the production of sporophylls in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag.. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 113: 61-69.
Reed, D.C., Neushul, M. & Ebeling, A.W. (1991). Role of settlement density on gametophyte growth and reproduction in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 27: 361-366.
Rigg, G.B. (1913). The distribution of Macrocystis pyrifera along the american shore of the Strait of Jaun de Fuca. Torreya 13: 158-159.
Romanello, E. & Boraso de Zaixso, A.L. (1993). Evaluación recursos de Macrocystis pyrifera. III. Costa de la Provincia de Santa Cruz entre Pta. Murphy y Pta Desengaño. Natualia Patagónica Serie Cs. Biol. 1(2): 69-75.
Romo, H., Alveal, K. & Avila, M. (1984). El efecto de la poda en sobrevivencia, tamaño y rendimiento de Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) J. Ag. (Lessoniaceae) de Isla Navarino - Chile. Gay. Bot. 41: 127-135.
Rosenthal, R.J., Clarke, W.D. & Dayton, P.K. (1974). Ecology and natural history of a stand of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, off Del Mar, California. Fish. Bull. 72: 670-684.
Schroeter, S.C., Dean, T.A., Thies, K. & Dixon, J.D. (1995). Effects of shading by adults on the growth of blade-stage Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) during and after the 1982-1984 El Niño. Journal of Phycology 31: 697-702, 1 fig, 5 tables.
Seifert, G. L. & Wood, H. C. (1956). The use of Macrocystis pyrifera as source of trace elements in human nutrition. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 2: 107-108.
Teplitzky, D. R. (1969). The relationship between harvesting of Macrocystis pyrifera and the spawning of crayfish on the Tasmanian coast. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 401-414.
Thompson, H. (1953). Australian survey of Macrocystis pyrifera. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 1: 111.
Tianjing, L., Ruying, S., Xuyan, L., Dunqing, H., Zhiji, S., Guangyong, L., Qifang, Z., Shuli, C., Sui, Z., Jiaxing, C. & Feijiu, W. (1984). Studies on the artificial cultivation and propagation of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 259-262.
van Tussenbroek, B.I. (1989). Morphological variations of Macrocystis pyrifera in the Falkland Islands in relation to environment and season. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 545-556.
Van Tussenbroek, B.I. (1989). Observations on branched Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in the Falkland Islands. Phycologia 28: 169-180.
van Tussenbroek, B.I. (1989). Seasonal growth and composition of fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera in the Falkland Islands. Marine Biology, Berlin 100: 419-430.
Van Tussenbroek, B.I. (1989). The life-span and survival of fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in the Falkland Islands. British Phycological Journal 24: 137-141.
van Tussenbroek, B.I. (1993). Plant and frond dynamics of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, forming a fringing zone in the Falkland Islands. European Journal of Phycology 28: 161-165, 3 figs.
Varvarigos, V., Katsaros, C. & Galatis, B. (2004). Radial F-actin configurations are involved in polarization during protoplast germination and thallus branching of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales). Phycologia 43: 693-702.
Westermeier, R. & Möller, P. (1990). Population dynamics of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh in the rocky intertidal of Southern Chile. Botanica Marina 33: 363-367.
Wheeler, P.A. & North, W.J. (1980). Effect of nitrogen supply on nitrogen content and growth rate of juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) sporophytes. Journal of Phycology 16: 577-582, 3 figs, 1 table.
Wheeler, P.A. (1979). Uptake of methylamine (an ammonium analogue) by Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology 15: 12-17, 3 figs, 5 tables.
Wilson, K. C., Haaker, P. L. & Hanan, D. A. (1979). Restoration of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) at Palos Verdes Peninsula, California. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 9: 85-89.