Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C.Silva
Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Viridaeplantae
Phylum Chlorophycophyta
Class Bryopsidophyceae
Order Bryopsidales
Family Codiaceae
Genus Codium
Pictures:
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Peggy's Cove, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Colin Bates. © Coastal Imageworks.
Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C.Silva Peggy's Cove, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Publication details
Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C.Silva 1955: 567
Original publication: Silva, P.C. (1955). The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 34: 565-577, 5 figs, 1 plate.
Type species
The type species (holotype) of the genus Codium is Codium tomentosum Stackhouse.
Status of name
This name is currently regarded as a taxonomic synonym of Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot
Basionym
Codium mucronatum var. tomentosoides van Goor
Origin of species name
Adjective (Latin), fragile (Stearn 1973).
Synonym(s)
No synonyms are currently included in AlgaeBase.
General environment
This is a marine species.
Detailed distribution with sources
(as Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C.Silva)
Ireland: Clare (Parkes 1975, Pybus 1977, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979), Cork (Silva 1955, Parkes 1975, Guiry 1978), Donegal (Parkes 1975, Guiry 1978, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1994), Galway (Guiry 1978), Kerry (Parkes 1975, Guiry 1978), Leitrim (Cullinane 1970, Guiry 1978), Mayo (Parkes 1975, Guiry 1978), Sligo (Parkes 1975), Waterford (Parkes 1975, Guiry 1977, Guiry 1978), Wexford (Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970, Parkes 1975, Guiry 1978).
Europe: Adriatic (Gallardo et al. 1993, Battelli & Vukovic 1995, Battelli 1996), Balearic Islands (Pericás 1984, Ribera Siguán & Gómez Garreta 1985, Gallardo et al. 1993), Britain (Burrows 1991, Hardy & Guiry 2003), Channel Islands (Trowbridge, Farnham & White 2004, Trowbridge & Farnham 2004), Corsica (Gallardo et al. 1993), France (Feldmann & Magne 1964, Gallardo et al. 1993, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007), Ireland (Parkes 1975, Guiry 1977, Guiry 1978, Burrows 1991, Morton 1994, Stokes, O'Neill & McDonald 2004), Isla de Alborán (Conde & Flores Moya 2000), Italy (Gallardo et al. 1993, Furnari, Cormaci & Serio 1999, Rindi, Sartoni & Cinelli 2002), Spain (Ballesteros 1981, Gómez, Ribera & Romero 1981, Ballesteros & Romero 1982, Barcelo & Seoane 1982, Gallardo et al. 1985, Rodriguez Prieto & Polo Alberti 1988, Pérez-Cirera, Cremades & Bárbara 1989, Granja, Cremades & Barbara 1992, Gallardo et al. 1993, Bárbara & Cremades 1996, Peña & Bárbara 2002, Bárbara et al., 2003, Gorostiaga et al., 2004, Bárbara et al. 2005, Bárbara et al. 2005), Turkey (Europe) (Gallardo et al. 1993, Taskin et al. 2008 
).
Atlantic Islands: Azores (Neto 1994, Tittley & Neto 2005), Canary Islands (John et al. 2004).
North America: California (Silva 1979), Connecticut (Schneider & Searles 1991), Maine (Schneider & Searles 1991, Mathieson et al. 2001, Prince & Trowbridge 2004, Lam & Zechman 2006), Massachusetts (Schneider & Searles 1991), New Brunswick (Kusakina et al 2006), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Schneider & Searles 1991), New Jersey (Schneider & Searles 1991), New York (Schneider & Searles 1991), North Carolina (Schneider & Searles 1991), Nova Scotia (Bégin & Scheibling 2003, Kusakina et al 2006, Schmidt & Scheibling 2006), Rhode Island (Schneider & Searles 1991).
Africa: Algeria (Gallardo et al. 1993), Tunisia (Gallardo et al. 1993).
South-west Asia: Turkey (Asia) (Taskin et al. 2008 ).
Australia and New Zealand: New Zealand (Silva 1979, Adams 1994, Nelson 1999 ), South Australia (Womersley 2003), Victoria (Womersley 2003).
Taxonomic notes
Two supposedly introduced subspecies have been recognised in Britain and Ireland since Silva's (1955) study, viz, Codium fragile subsp. atlanticum (A.D. Cotton) P.C. Silva and C. fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C. Silva. However, Maggs (in Brodie, Maggs & John 2007: 194) and Provan et al. (2008) have shown that the first is probably native, and the second, whilst introduced and invasive, is synonymous with C. fragile subsp. fragile. The degree of both genotypic variation reported (small) and phenotypic variation described (large) makes the described subspecies and varieties unsustainable and it would be better to recognise one variable species for all practical purposes. - (29 Dec 2007) - Wendy Guiry
Source of synonymy
Brodie, J., Maggs, C.A. & John, D.M. (2007). Green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. pp. [i-v], vi-xii, 1-242, 101 figs. London: British Phycological Society.
Key references
Bulleri, F., Branca, M.G., Abbiati, M. & Airoldi, L. (2007). Development of reproductive structures in the introduced green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides. in the northern Adriatic Sea. European Journal of Phycology 42(2): 137-144, 4 Figs, 2 Tables.
Burrows, E.M. (1991). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2. Chlorophyta. pp. xi + 238, 60 figs, 9 plates. London: Natural History Museum Publications.
Kusakina, J., Snyder, M., Kristie, D.N. & Dadswell, M.J. (2006). Morphological and molecular evidence for multiple invasions of Codium fragile in Atlantic Canada. Botanica Marina 49: 1-9.
Lam, D.W. & Zechman, F.W. (2006). Phylogenetic analyses of the Bryopsidales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) based on RUBISCO large subunit gene sequences. Journal of Phycology 42: 669-678.
Provan, J., Booth, D., Todd, N.P., Beatty, G.E. & Maggs, C.A. (2008). Tracking biological invasions in space and time: elucidating the invasive history of the green alga Codium fragile using old DNA. Diversity and Distributions A Journal of Conservation Biogeography 14: 343-354.
Schmidt, A.L. & Scheibling, R.E. (2006). A comparison of epifauna and epiphytes on native kelps (Laminaria species) and an invasive alga (Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides) in Nova Scotia, Canada.. Botanica Marina 49: 315-330.
Trowbridge, C.D. (1998). Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 36: 1-64.
SAG Cultures
No records have been found on the SAG site.
NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 106 samples identified as Codium fragile.
Created: 31 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry
Verified by: 05 April 2008 by M.D. Guiry
Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 16130 times since it was created.
References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)
Bégin, C. & Scheibling, R.E. (2003). Growth and survival of the invasive green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides in tide pools on a rocky shore in Nova Scotia. Botanica Marina 46: 404-412.
Blunden, G., Fletcher, R.L., Smith, B.E., Rogers, D.J. & Fish, B.C. (1989). An unusual growth form of Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot subspecies tomentosoides (Goor) Silva found on floating structures in the Solent. British Phycological Journal 24: 299.
Bulleri, F., Branca, M.G., Abbiati, M. & Airoldi, L. (2007). Development of reproductive structures in the introduced green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides. in the northern Adriatic Sea. European Journal of Phycology 42(2): 137-144, 4 Figs, 2 Tables.
Campbell, S.J. (1999). Occurrence of Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyta: Bryopsidales) in marine embayments of southeastern Australia. Journal of Phycology 35: 938-940, 1 fig.
Carlton, J.T. & Scanlon, J.A. (1985). Progression and dispersal of an introduced alga: Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyta) on the Atlantic Coast of North America. Botanica Marina 28: 155-165.
Chapman, A.S. (1999). From introduced species to invader: what determines variation in the success of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyta) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52: 277-289.
Churchill, A.C. & Moeller, H.W. (1972). Seasonal patterns of reproduction in New York. Population of Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (Van Goor) Silva.. Journal of Phycology 8: 147-152.
Dromgoole, F.I. (1975). Occurrence of Codium fragile subspecies tomentosoides in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9: 257-264.
Fletcher, R.L., Blunden, G., Smith, B.E., Rogers, D.J. & Fish, B.C. (1989). Occurrence of a fouling, juvenile, stage of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Goor) Silva (Chlorophyceae, Codiales). J Appl Phycol 1: 227-237.
Fralick, R.A. & Mathieson, A.C. (1972). Winter fragmentation of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot ssp. tomentosoides (Van Goor) Silva (Chlorophyceae, Siphonales) in New England. Phycologia 11: 67-70.
Garbary, D.J., Vandermeulen, H. & Kim, K.Y. (1997). Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyta) Invades the Gulf of St Lawrence , Atlantic Canada. Botanica Marina 40: 537-540.
Griffin, R.L., Rogers, D.J., Spencer-Phillips, P.T. & Swain, L. (1995). Lectin from Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides conjugated to colloidal gold: a new histochemical reagent.. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 52: 225-227.
Hanisak, M.D. & Harlin, M.M. (1978). Uptake of inorganic nitrogen by Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 14: 450-454, 1 fig, 3 tables.
Hanisak, M.D. (1979). Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on growth of Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyceae) in culture. Journal of Phycology 15: 124-127.
Mathieson, A.C., Dawes, C.J., Harris, L.G. & Hehre, E.J. (2003). Expansion of the Asiatic green alga Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides in the Gulf of Maine. Rhodora 105(921): 1-53.
Prince, J.S. (1988). Sexual reproduction in Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyceae) from the northeast coast of North America. Journal of Phycology 24: 112-114.
Scheibling, R.E. & Melady, R.A. (2008). Effect of water movement and substratum type on vegetative recruitment of the invasive green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides. Botanica Marina 51: 341-349.
Schmidt, A.L. & Scheibling, R.E. (2006). A comparison of epifauna and epiphytes on native kelps (Laminaria species) and an invasive alga (Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides) in Nova Scotia, Canada.. Botanica Marina 49: 315-330.
Searles, R.B., Hommersand, M.H. & Amsler, C.D. (1984). The occurrence of Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides and C. taylorii (Chlorophyta) in North Carolina. Botanica Marina 27: 185-187.
Trowbridge, C.D. (1995). Establishment of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides on New Zealand rocky shores: current distribution and invertebrate grazers. Journal of Ecology 83: 949-965.
