Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing

Classification:
Empire Eukaryota
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Biliphyta
Phylum Rhodophycophyta
Subphylum Eurhodophytina
Class Bangiophyceae
Subclass Bangiophycidae
Order Bangiales
Family Bangiaceae
Genus Porphyra

Pictures:

click on thumbnail for larger version.

Black Head, Co. Clare, Ireland; on rock. 03 Aug 2004. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spanish Point, Co. Clare, Ireland; mid intertidal rocks. 04 Aug 2004. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Spanish Point, Co. Clare, Ireland; lower intertidal mussels with Ulva sp.. 04 Aug 2004. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Giant's Causeaway, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland; plants on mid-shore rocks. 07 Aug 2003. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Poulsallagh, Co. Clare, Ireland; on Mytilus edulis. 21 Aug 2008. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Poulsallagh, Co. Clare, Ireland. 07 Aug 2008. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Poulsallagh, Co. Clare, Ireland. 21 Aug 2008. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

New Quay, Co. Clare, Ireland; on rock. 28 Mar 1994. Michael Guiry. © Michael Guiry.

Ría de A Coruña, Galicia, Spain, 2008. Ignacio Bárbara. © Ignacio Bárbara.

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29 Found - Displaying 1 through 10

Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing Giant's Causeaway, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland; plants on mid-shore rocks

Publication details
Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing 1843: 383

Original publication: Kützing, F.T. (1843). Phycologia generalis oder Anatomie, Physiologie und Systemkunde der Tange... Mit 80 farbig gedruckten Tafeln, gezeichnet und gravirt vom Verfasser. pp. [part 1]: [i]-xxxii, [1]-142 , [part 2:] 143-458, 1, err.], pls 1-80. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus.
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Type species
The type species (holotype) of the genus Porphyra is Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C.Agardh.

Status of name
This name is of an entity that is currently accepted taxonomically.

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Ulva umbilicalis Linnaeus 1753
Porphyra umbilicalis var. vulgaris Ruprecht 1850
Porphyra umbilicalis (Linnaeus) J.Agardh 1883
Wildemania laciniata (Lightfoot) DeToni 1892
Porphyra umbilicalis f. epiphytica F.S.Collins 1903
Wildemania laciniata var. umbilicalis (Linnaeus) Malard ex Chalon 1905
Porphyra insolita P.Kornmann & P.-H.Sahling 1991

General environment
This is a Marine species.

Common names

(as Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing)
English: Purple Laver (Dickinson 1963).

Common names used in commerce, often for edible algae
purple laver {Eng}; chishima-kuro-nori {Jap}; laver {Eng}; porphyrtang {Ger}; pink laver {Eng}; "laver, purple"; "laver, pink"

Description
Gametophyte thallus reddish brown, brownish, grey brown or olive green in the field, drying to brownish purple, attached by a minute but stout holdfast; stipe indistinct; blade orbiculate to elongate, auriculate and/or cucullate; base slightly to extremely cordate, overlapping to appear umbilicate; margins sometimes much pleated; blades single or multiple, sometimes forming a rosette. Thallus monostromatic, 58–70 µm thick with cells in surface view 8–16 × 6–8 µm and in transverse section 30–34 × 9–10 µm. Usually dioecious; sori marginal; male gametangia in packets of 4 × 4 in surface view and ×8 in transverse section ( = 128 gametes); zygotosporangia in packets of 2 × 4 in surface view and ×2 in transverse section ( = 16 zygotospores). Neutral sporangia are sometimes present.

Habitat
On rocks, mussels, etc., midtidal to splash zone, generally distributed, abundant, especially on exposed coasts.

Key characteristics
Lettuce-like appearance and habitat.

Similar species
May be a species complex.

Type information
Type locality: Scotland: Easdale, Argyll (Brodie et al. 2008: 1330). Neotype: J. Brodie & P.K. Hayes; 23 July 1998; From the back of a limpet. BM 000769632 (Brodie et al. 2008: 1330). Notes: Illustrated in Brodie et al. (2008: fig. 1 B).

Detailed distribution with sources
(as Ulva umbilicalis Linnaeus)
Ireland: Dublin (Anonymous 1818), Wexford (Tighe 1803).

Europe: Ireland (Tighe 1803, Anonymous 1818), Spain (Roxas Clemente y Rubio 1807).

(as Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing)
Arctic: Canada (Arctic) (Taylor 1957).

Ireland: Antrim (Adams 1907, Guiry 1978, McMillan & Morton 1979, Morton 1994), Clare (Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979), Cork (Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1978), Derry (Morton 1994), Donegal (Guiry 1978, Morton 2003), Down (Morton 1974, Guiry 1978, Morton 1994), Dublin (Guiry 1978), Galway (Guiry 1978), Kerry (Guiry 1978), Limerick (Cullinane 1969, Guiry 1978), Louth (Synnott 1969, Guiry 1978), Mayo (Cotton 1912, Guiry 1978, Teasdale et al. 2009), Waterford (Guiry 1978), Wexford (Cotton 1913, Parkes & Scannell 1969, Norton 1970, Guiry 1978).

Europe: Adriatic (Giaccone 1978), Balearic Islands (Ribera Siguán & Gómez Garreta 1984), Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995), Belgium (Coppejans 1995), Britain (Newton 1931, Guiry 1997, Hardy & Guiry 2003, Teasdale et al. 2009), Corsica (Boudouresque & Perret 1977), E. Greenland (Pedersen 1976), Faroes (Irvine 1982, Nielsen & Gunnarsson 2001), France (Feldmann 1939, Coppejans 1995, Dizerbo & Herpe 2007, Loiseaux-de Goër & Noailles 2008), Greece (Gerloff & Geissler 1974, Haritonidis & Tsekos 1976, Tsekos & Haritonidis 1977, Athanasiadis 1987), Helgoland (Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000, Teasdale et al. 2009), Iceland (Caram & Jónsson 1972), Ireland (Adams 1907, Cotton 1912, Cotton 1913, Cullinane 1969, Cullinane 1971, Guiry 1978, De Valéra et al. 1979, Morton 1994), Italy (Giaccone 1969, Furnari, Cormaci & Serio 1999), Netherlands (Stegenga & Mol 1983), Norway (Rueness 1997, Teasdale et al. 2009), Portugal (Ardré 1970, Araujo et al. 2009, Teasdale et al. 2009, Araújo, Bárbara & Sousa-Pinto in press), Scandinavia (Athanasiadis 1996), Spain (Miranda 1931, Ballesteros 1981, Ballesteros & Romero 1982, Pérez-Cirera & Maldonado 1982, Fernández & Niell 1982, Gallardo et al. 1985, Fernández 1985, Rodriguez Prieto & Polo Alberti 1988, Soto & Conde 1989, Pérez-Cirera 1989, Granja, Cremades & Barbara 1992, Bárbara & Cremades 1996, Conde et al. 1996, Veiga, Cremades & Bárbara 1998, Peña & Bárbara 2002, Gorostiaga et al., 2004, Bárbara et al. 2005, Diaz-Tapia & Bárbara 2005), Sweden (Kylin 1907, Kylin 1944), Turkey (Europe) (Taskin et al. 2008).

Atlantic Islands: Azores (Neto 1994, Tittley & Neto 1994), Bermuda (Taylor 1960), Canary Islands (John, Price, Maggs & Lawson 1979, Gil-Rodríguez & Afonso-Carrillo 1980, Haroun et al. 2002, Gil-Rodríguez et al. 2003, John et al. 2004), Cape Verde Islands (John, Price, Maggs & Lawson 1979, John et al. 2004, Prud'homme van Reine, Haroun & Kostermans 2005), Madeira (Neto, Cravo & Haroun 2001, John et al. 2004).

North America: Alaska (Lindstrom 1977), British Columbia (Scagel 1957), Florida (Taylor 1960), Maine (Mathieson et al. 2001, Klein et al. 2003, Teasdale et al. 2009), New Brunswick (Bates et al. 2005, Teasdale et al. 2009), New Hampshire (Mathieson & Hehre 1986, Klein et al. 2003, Teasdale et al. 2009), New Jersey (Taylor 1957), Newfoundland (Taylor 1957), Nova Scotia (Lindstrom & Fredericq 2003), Quebec (Taylor 1957), South Carolina (Taylor 1960), Virginia (Humm 1979).

South America: Brazil (Taylor 1960), Chile (Kylin & Skottsberg 1919, Ramírez & Santelices 1991), Peru (Ramírez & Santelices 1991).

Africa: Egypt (Papenfuss 1968), Morocco (Dangeard 1949, Gil-Rodriguez & Socorro Hernández 1986), Senegal (John, Price, Maggs & Lawson 1979, John et al. 2004).

South-west Asia: Israel (Papenfuss 1968), Sri Lanka (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996), Turkey (Asia) (Taskin et al. 2008).

Asia: Russia (Perestenko 1994).

Australia and New Zealand: Australia (Silva, Basson & Moe 1996).

Antarctic and the subantarctic islands: Antarctica (Papenfuss 1964), South Georgia (Kylin & Skottsberg 1919, Wiencke & Clayton 2002), South Orkney Islands (Wiencke & Clayton 2002), South Shetland Islands (Wiencke & Clayton 2002).

(as Porphyra umbilicalis var. vulgaris Ruprecht)
Europe: Britain (Newton 1931).

(as Porphyra umbilicalis (Linnaeus) J.Agardh)
Europe: Spain (Fernández, Niell & Anadón 1983, Silva & Fernández 1988).

(as Porphyra umbilicalis f. epiphytica F.S.Collins)
North America: Maine (Taylor 1957), Massachusetts (Taylor 1957).

(as Porphyra insolita P.Kornmann & P.-H.Sahling)
Europe: Helgoland (Kornmann & Sahling 1991, Guiry 1997, Bartsch & Kuhlenkamp 2000).

Nomenclatural notes
Brodie et al. (2008: 1328) present convincing evidence that Kützing's (1843: 383) binomial should not be considered a "presumed new combination" for Ulva umbilicalis Linnaeus under Art. 33.3 of the ICBN, and should be regarded as a separate nomenclatural act. J. Agardh's (1883) combination of Ulva umbilicalis into Porphyra is also a separate nomenclatural act, and represents a later and thus illegimate homonym. Brodie et al. (2008: 1328) also designate a neotype from Scotland for Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing and at the same time designate this specimens as the epitype of Ulva umbilicalis Linnaeus (1753), thus consolidating the taxonomic integrity of all three names. - (10 Dec 2008) - Wendy Guiry

Key references
Bates, C.R., Saunders, G.W. & Chopin, T. (2005). An assessment of two taxonomic distinctness indices for detecting seaweed assemblage responses to environmental stress. Botanica Marina 48: 231-243.

Braune, W. (2008). Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün- Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. pp. [1]-596, 266 pls. Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.

Brodie, J. & Irvine, L.M. (2003). Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta. Part 3B. Bangiophycidae. pp. xiii + 167 + map. Andover: Intercept.

Klein, A.S, Mathieson, A.C., Neefus, C.D., Cain, D.C., Taylor, H.A., Teasdale, B.W., West, A.L., Hehre, E.J., Brodie, J., Yarish, C. & Wallace, A.L. (2003). Identification of north-western Atlantic Porphyra (Bangiaceae, Bangiales) based on sequence variation in nuclear SSU and plastid rbcL genes. Phycologia 42: 109-122, 3 figs, 5 tables.

Lindstrom, S.C. & Fredericq, S. (2003). rbcL gene sequences reveal relationships among north-east Pacific species of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and a new species, P. aestivalis. Phycological Research 51(3): 211-224.

Loiseaux-de Goër, S. & Noailles, M.-C. (2008). Algues de Roscoff. pp. [1]-215, col. figs. Roscoff: Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff.

Teasdale, B.W., West, A., Klein, A.S. & Mathieson, A.C. (2009). Distribution and evolution of variable group-I introns in the small ribosomal subunit of North Atlantic Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 44(2): 171-182, 3 figs, 5 tables.

SAG Cultures
No records have been found on the SAG site.

NCBI Nucleotide Sequences
As of 2 June 2009, nucleotide sequence data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank for 141 samples identified as Porphyra umbilicalis.

Created: 31 March 1996 by M.D. Guiry

Verified by: 04 March 2010 by Wendy Guiry

Accesses: This record has been accessed by users 7283 times since it was created.

References
(Please note: only references with the binomials in the title are included. The information is from the Literature database.)

Brodie, J. Irvine, L., Neefus, C.D. & Russell, S. (2008). Ulva umbilicalis Linnaeus and Kützing (Rhodophyta, Bangiaceae): a molecular and morphological redescription of the species, with a typification update. Taxon 57: 1328-1331, 1 fig.
Conway, E. (1964). Autecological studies of the genus Porphyra. II. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) J. Ag.. British Phycological Bulletin 2: 349-363, 2 pls.
Conway, E. (1964). Comments on Porphyra umbilicalis. British Phycological Bulletin 2: 393.
Drew, K.M. (1949). Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz.. Nature, London 166: 748-749.
Drew, K.M. (1954). Studies in the Bangioideae III. The life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz. var. laciniata (Lightf.) J. Ag. A. The conchocelis-phase in culture. Annals of Botany, New Series 18: 183-211.
Figueroa, F.L., Aguilera, J. & Niell, F.X. (1995). Red and blue light regulation of growth and photosynthetic metabolism in Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 30: 11-18, 10 figs, 3 tables.
Frei, E. & Preston, R.D. (1964). Non-cellulosic structural polysaccharides in algal cell walls II. Association of xylan and mannan in Porphyra umbilicalis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B 160: 314-327.
Giraud, N. & Magne, F. (1968). La place de la méiose dans le cycle de développement de Porphyra umbilicalis. Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Séances de lAcadémie des Sciences. Paris. Série D 267: 586-588.
Grubb, V. (1924). Observations on the ecology and reproduction of Porphyra umbilicalis (L) J. Ag.. Revue Algologique No 3: 1-12 (reprint nos).
Grubb, V.M. (1923). The attachments of Porphyra umbilicalis, (L.) J. Ag.. Annals of Botany 37: 131-140.
Gröniger, A., Hallier, C. & Häder, D.P. (1999). Influence of UV radiation and visible light on Porphyra umbilicalis: Photoinhibition and MAA concentration. Journal of Applied Phycology 11: 437-445.
Gunawardena, P. & Williamson, F. B. (1981). Structure and composition of the cell wall, intercellular matrix and other cuticle of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 8: 568-572.
Hernández, I. (1996). Analysis of the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity as a measure of phosphorus status in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing. Botanica Marina 39: 255-262.
Hilditch, C.M., Jones, P.B., Balding, P., Smith, A.J. & Rogers, L.J. (1991). Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases from macroalgae - proteolysis during extraction and properties of the enzyme from Porphyra umbilicalis. Phytochemistry 30(3): 745-750.
Kraemer, G.P. & Yarish, C. (1999). A preliminary comparison of the mariculture potential of Porphyra purpurea and Porphyra umbilicalis. Journal of Applied Phycology 11: 473-477.
Kurogi, M. & Sato, S. (1967). Effect of photoperiod on the growth and maturation of Conchocelis-thallus of Porphyra umbilicalis (l.) Kütz. and Porphyra pseudocrassa Yamada et Mikami. Bull Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab No 27: 111-130.
Kurogi, M., Sato, S. & Yoshida, T. (1967). Effect of water temperature on the liberation of monospores from the Conchocelis of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz. Bull Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab No 27: 131-139.
Kylin, H. (1949). Über Porphyra umbilicalis und Porphyra laciniata. K. Fysiogr. Sällsk. Lund. Förhandl. 17: 1-3.
Liu, X.-W. & Kloareg, B. (1991). Tissue culture of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). I. The effects of plant hormones on callus induction from tissue explants. C R Acad Sci 312(10): 517-522.
López-Figueroa, F. & Niell, F.X. (1989). Red-light and blue-light photoreceptors controlling chlorophyll a synthesis in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis and in the green alga Ulva rigida. Physiologia Plantarum 76: 391-397.
Lüning, K. (2001). Circadian growth rhythm in Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta): spectral sensitivity of the circadian system. Journal of Phycology 37: 52-58.
Lüning, K., Titlyanov, E.A. & Titlyanova, T.V. (1997). Diurnal and circadian periodicity of mitosis and growth in marine macroalgae. III. The red alga Porphyra umbilicalis. European Journal of Phycology 32: 167-173, 7 figs.
Pereira, R., Sousa-Pinto, I. & Yarish, C. (2001). Studies on the life cycle of Porphyra dioica and Porphyra umbilicalis from Portugal. J. Phycol. 37, suppl.: 40-41.
Rees, T.K. (1940). A preliminary account of the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Ag.. Annals of Botany New Series 4(July): 669-672.
Schramm, W. (1972). The effects of oil pollution on gas exchange in Porphyra umbilicalis when exposed to air. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 7: 309-315.
Shameel, M. (1978). Comparitive effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen tension on photosynthetic and respiratory rates in Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) J. Ag.. Pak. J. Bot. 10: 119-131.
Turvey, J. R. & Rees, D. A. (1958). The carbohydrate of red algae: Porphyra umbilicalis. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 3: 74-75.
Turvey, J. R. & Williams, T. P. (1964). Sugar sulphates from the mucilage of Porphyra umbilicalis. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 4: 370-373.
Van Tussenbroek, B.I. (1984). Effect of continuous unilateral irradiation on the conchocelis of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) J. Ag. and some other red algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 83: 263-274.
Wiencke, C. & Lüachli, A. (1983). Tonoplast fine structure and osmotic regulation in Porphyra umbilicalis. Planta 159: 342-346.
Wiencke, C., Knoth, A. & Stelzer, R. (1984). Changes of protoplasmic and vascuolar volume during osmotic adaptation and ion compartmentation in Porphyra umbilicalis. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 11: 481-484.
Wiencke, C., Stelzer, R. & Läuchli, A. (1983). Ion compartmentation in Porphyra umbilicalis determined by electron-probe X-ray microanalysis. Planta 159: 336-341.